Phytochemicals, also sometimes referred to as phytonutrients or polyphenols are biologically active compounds of plant origin. They are actually a plant’s natural defence. Normally, the properties are activated by damage to the plant which prevent insects and pests from eating them. A huge number of phytochemicals have been identified (8000+) and they are broadly classified as carotenoids and polyphenols but there are many further subdivisions. The question on everyone’s tongue, does my dog need them? Let’s take a look. Phytochemicals We are just starting to notice the health benefits of phytochemicals; buthey have been seen to: Protect DNA from damage Act as antioxidants Regulate hormonal function Support immune function Possess antimicrobial properties Phytochemicals and Inflammation Inflammation is the first biological response of the immune system to infection, injury or irritation. It is a necessary process, but it can sometimes get a little out of hand. This is where phytochemicals come in. Types of phytochemicals known as phenolics, and triterpenoids show high anti-inflammatory activity. These compounds are found in various fruits and vegetables. Findings Here Phenolic compounds are also seen to have a range of other health benefits in the body. It is thought that polyphenols may modulate blood glucose levels. On study in humans found that those people eating higher quantities of polyphenol-rich foods were 57% less likely to develop type II diabetes in a 2–4-year period. Findings Here Polyphenols are seen to promote the growth of good bacteria in the gut, and also fend off the bad guys! Win win! It is also thought that polyphenols may help probiotics survive and thrive too! Findings Here They have also been associated with: Delaying age-related cognitive decline Modulating inflammation in the brain Counteracting neurotoxins Protecting neurons against oxidative stress Enhanced memory and learning Findings Here Finally, researchers have found that certain polyphenols can modulate gene expression in cases of atopic dermatitis in dogs. In short, the researchers managed to control the inflammatory response in dermatologic disease. Findings Here They used extracts of luteolin which is found in foods like broccoli, carrots, peppers, cabbage and apple skins along with extracts of stilbene which occurs in some berries like blueberries. Other phytochemicals include sulforaphane and anthocyanins. Sulforaphane is an isothiocyante stored mainly inside cruciferous veggies, like broccoli. A great sulforaphane hack is to sprout your own broccoli seeds as these have way more sulphoraphane as the final plant. This compound has been seen to have anticancer properties in test tube studies, it is thought to release antioxidant and detoxification enzymes that protect against carcinogens. Sulforaphane is thought to support hearth health by reducing inflammation and also may reduce blood pressure. In addition, this compound has been seen to improve recovery and reduce mental decline after traumatic brain injury. Finally, sulforaphane has improved symptoms of constipation in humans in a 4-week study. Findings Here Anthocyanins (red, purple, and/or blue plant pigments) are found in many fruits but are thought to prevent the adhesion of pathogens to cell walls. When compared to other berries, the photochemical bioavailability was much higher in cranberries as compared to others, which is why it is thought to prevent adhesion of pathogenic bacteria in the urinary tract. Other Foods Which Contain Phytochemicals: 1) Pomegranate Pomegranate has been seen to help protect cells, especially those heart cells. Oxidative damage may be one of the contributors to heart failure in our canine companions and pomegranate has been seen to protect against this. They contain molecules known as ellagitannins. Pomegranate ellagitannins are not absorbed intact into the blood stream but are hydrolysed to ellagic acid over several hours in the intestine. Ellagitannins are also metabolized into urolithins by gut flora, and it is these urolithin A’s that exert anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Findings Here 2) Ginger Ginger is loved for its anti-inflammatory properties in cancer therapy. Inflammation, or rather pro-inflammatory cytokines contribute to carcinogenesis by influencing the survival, growth, mutation, proliferation, differentiation and movement of tumour cells. It is proposed that ginger has anti-inflammatory and therefore anticancer potential. Ginger contains active phenolic compounds such as gingerol, paradol and shogoall that have antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenesis properties. Ginger has demonstrated significant reductions in inflammatory signalling in cancer cases. Findings Here Not only that but in cases of liver cancer, it has induced apoptosis, inhibited formation, decreased expression and suppressed cell proliferation. In cases of pancreatic cancer it has downregulated signalling and cell survival indicators, inhibited expression, decreases metastasis, inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. Ginger has decreased incidence of colon tumours and it has been reported that intragastric treatment of ginger increases survival time. Findings Here Adjunct to other therapy, ginger has been seen to improve cellular immunity and decrease fatigue, pain and stress in cancer patients. It is also noted to reduce nausea. Ginger is widely used in traditional Chinese and Indian medicine, it is thought to stimulate digestion, absorption, relieve constipation and flatulence. In Chinese medicine it is thought to improve the flow of bodily fluids and is therefore used to stimulate blood circulation. The active compounds found reduce the formation of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins and thromboxane therefore lowering the clotting ability of the blood, it should therefore be used with caution alongside blood thinning medication. 3) Carrots Carotenoid-containing foods are often red, yellow or orange and this includes the trust carrot. Carotenoids are a class of phytonutrients and are found in the cells of a wide variety of plants, algae, and bacteria. They help plants absorb light energy for use in photosynthesis. They also have an important antioxidant function of deactivating free radicals which helps offset oxidative stress. Does My Dog Need Antioxidants? However, there is a number of factors that influence carotenoid’s bioavailability, absorption, breakdown, transport and storage. In a number of studies, thermal treatment was shown to increase carotenoid’s accessibility, due to the disruption of cell walls and bond loosening (read: cooked) Other factors, such as genes and nutritional status, gender, aging or infection, also determine carotenoid bioavailability. It is well-established that any disease with the abnormal
Sadly, at some point in our dog’s lives they may get poorly, or need an op. They may also just need periods of some additional TLC. Whilst the most nutritionally demanding phase post weaning is growth in puppies, recovery also has its own set of nutrient demands. We thought we’d take a closer look at the nutrient needs of recovering dogs. What is Recovery? Recovery generally takes the same form, no matter the trauma. If us or our dogs are exposed to an infection, our immune system springs to action to engulf and destroy the threat. The same occurs during trauma – in the case of a wound, immune cells rally to the damaged tissue to prevent any infection from taking hold and encourage growth factors to replace the damaged cells. This also applies in cases of planned operations – the body has experienced a trauma and so, it needs to repair and recover. But, our dogs also need to recover after physical activity – and this is even more important if we have a sporting/performing dog. Recovery Processes Immune cells need certain nutrients to do their jobs, and so when they are working overtime, they want to get paid for it. But a similar mechanism occurs during work. Not only do we have the energy needs of work, but damage can occur to muscles. At a low level, they repair, and come back stronger next time (this is the premise of training). But again, they need materials to rebuild and repair. We can think of the body like a bank account. It is always withdrawing through daily tasks. Providing we fuel it well; we remain in the black. During recovery and recuperation, it takes a little more, and if we don’t deposit enough, we end up in the red. Red signals poor recovery and this isn’t what we want for our canine companions. So, what do we need to do to stay in the black? Carbohydrates There is no physiological need proven for carbohydrates in the dog, however, they do possess a nutrient sparing effect. What this means is that if carbohydrates are utilised for energy, protein can be directed to what it does best – build and repair, and fat can stabilise membranes in those recovering cells! In their cooked form, carbohydrates can be an easily digested source of energy for the recovering dog. Complex carbohydrates like sweet potatoes are a great source of fibre, vitamin A, vitamin C, potassium, and B vitamins. Fibre is also a carbohydrate, albeit an indigestible one, and as we know fibre is your dog’s best friend for more reasons than one. 5 Reason’s Fibre is Your Dog’s Best Friend Protein Protein is of course top of the list for the recovering dog. Protein is from the Greek meaning “of prime importance” and it really is. The body is built from protein. Once it is ingested, it makes its way through the digestive system and the liver reassembles amino acids into other structures to be used throughout the body. We have: Antibody proteins – these bind to viruses and bacteria to protect the body, Enzyme proteins – enzymes carry out almost all the chemical reactions that occur in the body. They also assist in the formation of new molecules or cells. Messenger proteins – these include hormones that transmit signals throughout the body, coordinating biological processes between cells, tissues, and organs. Structural proteins – these provide structure and support for cells; they also allow the body to move. Transport/storage proteins – these proteins bind and carry atoms and small molecules within cells throughout the body. Genes are what tell amino acids what structure they will be, and therefore what function they will have. So, as you can see, when we’re asking the body to do a lot of these things, they need protein to do the job. Most foods contain either animal or plant cells and will therefore naturally contain protein. But the processing of foods may change the amounts and proportions of some amino acids; for example the Maillard reaction and the associated browning that occurs when foods are baked reduces the available amino acid lysine. The quality of the protein is also important and depends on the amino acids that are present. Proteins from animal sources have a higher biological value than proteins from plant sources. This is because the pattern of amino acids in animal cells is comparable. This difference has led to a concept of first-class and second-class proteins, for animal and plant foods, respectively. Even in human data, we are seeing that probiotic supplementation alongside plant-protein sources is necessary for optimal absorption and utilisation. For the canine, a fresh-food diet containing animal sources of protein will support recovery. Fat Fat is a necessary macronutrient for the dog – they have an improved capacity to utilise fat as energy compared to us humans, but essential fatty acids also play a role in the inflammatory response. Inflammation is necessary, it rallies immune cells to tackle the issue at hand, whether this is an invading virus or a wound that needs to heal, but it can become chronic, and this is where is it problematic. Like goldilocks, we need just enough inflammation. Fatty Acids and Inflammation In dogs, the body has a requirement for two distinct EFA families. The Omega-6 and Omega-3 series. Eicosanoids are products of the oxidation of the omega families; they are collectively known as prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes. The number of eicosanoids synthesised depends on the availability and type of fatty acid found in cell membranes. Human studies have demonstrated that the supplementation EPA significantly alters the ratio of EPA (omega-3) to AA (omega-6) in cell membranes which has been beneficial in inflammatory conditions. In short, consumption of omega 3, replaces AA. The result is fewer AA derived eicosanoids and more EPA or GLA eicosanoids, and therefore managing the inflammatory response. The thing to note is the omega 6:3 ratio. In many commercial foods we note
Naturally occurring hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s disease) is an uncommon illness, with estimates of its incidence ranging from 0.36% to 0.5%. The clinical syndrome occurs when at least 85% to 90% of the adrenocortical tissue is destroyed, resulting in deficiencies of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids. This all sounds quite complex, so what do we actually need to know about Addison’s Disease in Dogs? Let’s take a look. What is Hypoadrenocorticism? This is where the adrenal glands don’t produce enough cortisol and aldosterone. Aldosterone is the most important naturally occurring mineralocorticoid, while cortisol represents the most important glucocorticoid. Aldosterone has a specific and vital action in the body because it enhances sodium, potassium, and body water homeostasis. It plays an important role among the redundant systems that regulate renal handling of sodium. Aldosterone is the most important hormone affecting renal potassium excretion and its main target organ is the kidney, with lesser actions in the intestinal mucosa, salivary glands, and sweat glands. Cortisol affects almost every tissue in the body. It increases availability of all fuel substrates in the body, by mobilising glucose. Cortisol aids in maintaining blood pressure, water balance, and vascular volume, particularly in the canine species. It also increases vascular sensitivity to catecholamines. Cortisol helps to maintain vascular tone, vascular permeability, and endothelial integrity. Finally, it suppresses inflammatory responses and has catabolic effects on connective tissue, muscle, and bone. Hypoadrenocorticism can affect dogs of any age, but it tends to occur in young to middle-aged dogs. The age range of reported cases is 4 weeks to 16 years. It also seems to occur more commonly in females. Some of the symptoms of Addison’s Disease include: Panting Fatigue/weakness Reduced appetite Dehydration/excessive thirst/increased urination – due to the imbalance of sodium/potassium which leads to lack of water conservation by the kidneys Weight loss Slow heart rate Shaking Cool to touch Vomiting/diarrhoea Although any dog can develop Addison’s, there are certain breeds which are predisposed to it, including: Standard Poodle Bearded Collies Soft Coated Wheaten Terriers West Highland White Terriers Great Danes There are a few main causes of Addison’s Disease. As with Cushing’s disease, tumours are prevalent. It is also suggested that certain medications, toxins, and diseases prime the dog’s immune system to destroy its own adrenal gland. Dogs treated for Cushing’s disease can also develop Addison’s disease in response to the medications destroying too much of the adrenal tissue. The Lowdown on Cushing’s Disease in Dogs Secondary Addison’s disease can develop if a dog has been treated with long- term steroids for any reason and the medication is abruptly stopped. This is known as iatrogenic hypoadrenocorticism and is generally temporary. This suppression occurs because large doses of corticosteroids signal the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to stop producing the hormones that normally stimulate adrenal function. Adrenal Insufficiency Critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency (CIRCI) is also referred to as relative adrenal insufficiency and has been associated with severe illness, such as sepsis, septic shock, or trauma. The syndrome is typically transient, and adrenal function normalises following correction of the underlying condition. Clinical Presentation Clinical signs may appear episodic, or “waxing and waning” in 25% to 43% of cases. Most dogs with hypoadrenocorticism have chronic disease, although it may be an acute exacerbation that prompts veterinary evaluation. Acute exacerbation of chronic hypoadrenocorticism may result from stress such as boarding, grooming, lifestyle changes, moving, or even a trip to the veterinarian. Findings Here Treatment is generally lifelong, but lifestyle modifications alongside can be beneficial. If your dog has been diagnosed with Addison’s Disease and you would like to optimise their diet and lifestyle, then check out our services to see how we can help. Thanks for reading, MPN Team
We call eggs a reference protein for good reason, they contain all essential amino acids. Eggs are a nutrient dense food, not only packed with protein but a range of micronutrients too. As we work with raw diets as well as cooked, one of the questions we are asked all the time is whether raw eggs are safe for dogs. So, let’s settle it once and for all. Eggs are high in quality protein, they contain healthy fats, vitamins, minerals, eye protecting antioxidants and various other nutrients; One whole, large raw egg contains protein: 6 grams fat: 5 grams magnesium: 6 mg calcium: 28 mg phosphorus: 99 mg potassium: 69 mg vitamin D: 41 IU One large egg also contains 147mg of choline which is the precursor to acetylcholine, a key player in nervous system function. Eggs are high in lutein and zeaxanthin which are antioxidants involved in eye health. Does Raw Egg Hinder Nutrient Absorption? Egg yolks provide a good dietary source of biotin and raw egg whites contain a protein called avidin. Avidin is known to bind to biotin in the small intestine, preventing its absorption. We first found this in rats in the early 1900s. When rats were fed egg-white protein containing avidin, the biotin was biologically unavailable. This resulted in a syndrome of dermatitis, hair loss, and neuromuscular dysfunction known as “egg-white injury.” What is Biotin? Biotin is an essential water-soluble vitamin. It is also known as vitamin B-7 or vitamin H, in which case the H stands for “Haar und Haut,” the German words for “hair and skin.” Biotin is necessary for the function of several enzymes known as carboxylases. These are part of important metabolic processes, such as the production of glucose and fatty acids. Specifically, biotin is involved in: Gluconeogenesis: This is the synthesis of glucose from sources other than carbohydrates, such as amino acids/ Biotin-containing enzymes help initiate this process. Fatty acid synthesis: Biotin assists enzymes that activate reactions that are important for the production of fatty acids. Amino acid breakdown: Biotin-containing enzymes are involved in the metabolism of several important amino acids, including leucine. Research has shown biotin deficiency will result in abnormal fatty acid metabolism, which may be responsible for the pathogenesis of dermatitis and alopecia. Interestingly, supplementation of biotin-deficient rats with omega-6 polyunsaturated acids prevented the development of dermatitis, which indicated that an abnormality in n-6 PUFA metabolism is involved in biotin deficiency-related dermatitis (and perhaps not completely laying the blame at biotin per se). Other schools of thought relating to biotin-deficiency alopecia is the role of the microbiota in the gut. Free biotin may influence the composition of the gut microbiota because biotin is necessary for the growth and survival of the microbiota. Biotin deficiency leads to gut dysbiosis and the overgrowth of Lactobacillus murinus, leading to the development of alopecia. This is further compounded with co-administration of antibiotics. Furthermore, vitamin B7 production appears to proceed in a cooperative manner among different intestinal bacteria; Bifidobacterium longum in the intestine produces pimelate, which is a precursor of vitamin B7 that enhances vitamin B7 production by other intestinal bacteria. Based on this data you would be forgiven for thinking that raw eggs are a poor dietary choice because of the potential to cause a biotin-deficiency, but is this accurate? We established a biotin-deficiency using rats. We must remember that rats have no dietary requirement for biotin because it is provided by intestinal microorganisms through coprophagy. To this end there are four ways to produce a biotin deficiency in rats fed a biotin-deficient diet. use germ free animals prevent coprophagy feed sulfa drugs feed raw egg whites To achieve a biotin deficiency state, 20% raw egg whites as the source of protein was fed. Findings Here Whilst our dogs may like eggs, its unlikely that 20% of their diet will consist of them. Salmonella Poisoning Raw and undercooked eggs may contain Salmonella, a type of bacteria. Salmonella contamination can happen in one of two ways: either directly during the formation of an egg inside the hen indirectly when Salmonella contaminates the outside of the egg and penetrates through the shell membrane Indirect contamination can happen during the production process, during handling, or during preparation. In commercial egg sales, pasteurisation is one method that is often employed to prevent the possibility of Salmonella contamination. This process uses a heating treatment to reduce the number of bacteria and other microorganisms in foods. But where you source your eggs from is a more obvious consideration to make here. A review of risk factors for Salmonella in laying hens revealed that overall evidence points to a lower occurrence in non-cage compared to cage systems. There is also conclusive evidence that an increased stocking density, larger farms and stress result in increased occurrence, persistence and spread of Salmonella in laying hen flock. Findings Here So, opt for free range and organic raised hens to source your eggs from to reduce the risk of bacterial contamination. The bottom line? Eggs are nutritious whether you opt for cooked or raw. There may be compromised nutrient absorption, but this only occurs when significant quantities are eaten. Moderation is key and opt for free range and organic wherever possible. And yes, the shells can be eaten too. Thanks for reading, MPN Team
Epilepsy is the most common chronic neurological disorder in dogs, with a formerly reported prevalence of between 0.5% and 5% in the canine population. Epilepsy is not one single disease process but can be elicited by multiple causes and can be classified as genetic (primary or idiopathic), structural and of unknown origin/etiology. Let’s get to grips with what it is and some of the causes. What is Epilepsy? Epilepsy occurs naturally in many species including rodents, cats, dogs, horses, cattle, goats, non-human and human primates. It is the most common acquired chronic neurological disorder in humans having a a worldwide incidence of approximately 50–100 cases per 100,000 persons (higher in undeveloped countries) and a prevalence of 4–10 per 1000 persons. In humans there are over forty epileptic syndromes and related conditions. In dogs, however, epilepsy is not usually differentiated into syndromes. Most dogs with recurrent seizures have no identifiable underlying cause and are classified as having idiopathic epilepsy. The lack of canine epilepsy classification may be due to the difficulty of seizure description and classification, and partly because electroencephalography (EEG) is not routinely used in veterinary neurology clinics. To that end, we simply define epilepsy as a chronic neurological condition characterised by recurrent epileptic seizures. Idiopathic epilepsy in dogs Most dogs with recurrent seizures are thought to have idiopathic epilepsy, in short, no underlying cause of the seizure can be identified. In these cases the first seizure usually occurs between 6 months and 6 years of age, but occasionally seizures have been known to start as young as 3 months and as late as 10 years of age. There appears to be a hereditary basis for idiopathic epilepsy, with several breeds being affected: Beagles German Shepherds Labrador Retrievers Golden Retrievers Bernese Mountain Dog Viszlas Keeshonds English Springer Spaniel Recently a mutation found on the Epm2b gene has shown to be causal in miniature wire-haired dachshunds. The Theory of Epilepsy The pathophysiology of epilepsy is often suggested to be an imbalance between excitation and inhibition in neurotransmitters; increased excitation or decreased inhibition may lead to epileptiform activity in the brain. It is considered that there is a fine balance between the excitatory glutamate neurotransmitter and the inhibitory GABA neurotransmitter. This theory has been tested in dogs and researchers found significantly less GABA and more glutamate in cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) from epileptic patients when compared to normal controls. Sadly, there appears to be a double-edged sword too, many receptors in the brain undergo altered expression following seizures and this may lead to changes in excitability of the brain and be involved in further pathogenesis of seizure disorders. Temporal Lobe Epilepsy In Dogs Temporal lobe epilepsy is the most common partial seizure disorder in adult humans and there are reports of it occurring in dogs. It has also been suggested that “fly-biting” or “fly-catching”, a behaviour in which dogs snap aimlessly into the air as if trying to catch a fly, may have a temporal lobe origin. Treatment Since epilepsy is often associated with inhibition and excitation in the brain, antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are used to alter the excitability of the brain and aim to reset the balance. There are many mechanisms thought to be involved in the action of antiepileptic drugs. They may functionally block voltage-gated sodium channels They may directly or indirectly enhance inhibitory GABAergic transmission They can inhibit excitatory glutamatergic neurotransmission They can modulate calcium ion channels Vagus Nerve Stimulation The method used in humans was devised in canine models and has since been used with mixed results. It is based on the idea that repetitive electrical stimulation of the canine cervical vagus nerve interrupts or abolishes motor seizures. Findings Here Epilepsy and Diet The Keto Diet The ketogenic diet—a high‐fat, low carbohydrate, and moderate protein protocol—has been used to treat epilepsy for nearly 100 years in both children and adults. A randomised controlled trial on childhood epilepsy showed promising results with 38 and 7 % of children on KD diets having >50 and 90 % seizure reduction, respectively. In comparison, only 6 % of the children on control diets achieved >50 % seizure reduction, with no children achieving >90 % seizure reduction. Findings Here It therefore makes sense that a ketogenic diet has been considered for use in dogs. One study of 21 dogs found that seizures were reduced significantly in dogs fed a proprietary ketogenic diet for 3 months. No improvement was seen in dogs fed a standard diet for the same duration. For 3 subjects, seizures appeared to stop entirely, demonstrating a 100% reduction in seizure frequency. In 7 dogs, seizures decreased by at least 50%, and another 5 dogs experienced a lower seizure frequency overall. Findings Here A Whistle Stop Tour of Keto A Keto Diet for Pet Cancer Omega-3 Supplementation Omega-3 fatty acid deficiency has an interesting role in seizure outcome. It is thought that Omega-3 fatty acids can enhance GABAergic transmission in animals with epilepsy by stimulating the formation of new hippocampal interneurons or by altering expression of calcium-binding proteins. When trialled in a patient with drug-resistant epilepsy, seizures reduced by 85%. Findings Here Essential Fats For My Dog’s Diet Epilepsy and Allergy In humans there are a number of reports that associate allergy with epilepsy. For example, children with allergic symptoms have a 76% increased subsequent risk of epilepsy. It has been found that in these individuals, hypoallergenic diets can reduce the frequency of seizures. Again, we must consider that this may apply to dogs. One study followed dogs with allergic disease. It included eight refractory epileptic dogs and seven were found to have gastrointestinal or skin allergies in conjunction with their refractory seizures. Introduction of an exclusion diet reduced seizures to an “acceptable level” in seven out of eight dogs. Behavioural abnormalities associated with seizures were eliminated in all cases. Findings Here Elimination Diets For Dogs Epileptogenic Toxins Many researchers posit that it’s not only certain foods that are epileptogenic, but toxins can also be problematic. Whilst we’re not talking
We often talk about the highway between the gut and the brain, but it is probably more appropriate to think of the gut like a roundabout. If you live anywhere other than the UK, a roundabout is a road junction at which traffic moves in one direction around a central island to reach one of the roads converging onto it. In short, you have a number of roads branching off. We are learning more about the gut’s impact on the body every day, and along with a gut-immune axis, (one road off the roundabout), the gut-brain axis (another road off the roundabout), we also have a gut-skin axis. The gut-skin axis is becoming intertwined in a range of inflammatory skin issues in humans, and as our dogs also sadly suffer with many inflammatory skin issues, here at My Pet Nutritionist, we think the Gut-Skin Axis is worth exploring. So, let’s get cracking. The Skin The skin is the largest organ of your dog’s body. It consists of three major layers: The Epidermis – (Epi – upon or above) this is the outer layer of skin, the protective layer. The Dermis – the dermis supports and nourishes the outer layer. It provides strength and elasticity. Here you will find collagen fibres, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and hair follicles. You will also find cells that release histamine and other inflammatory mediators when faced with an allergy or injury. The Subcutis – (sub meaning under or below) this in the innermost layer of the skin, where you will find fat and muscles. Subcutaneous fat provides insulation, padding and storage for reserve energy. Not only does the structure of the skin prevent water and electrolyte loss to help maintain body homeostasis, but it forms a protective barrier which helps protect against infections, parasites, and the elements. This is the often-forgotten role of the skin – that it forms part of the immune system. It is this role that largely establishes the connection between the gut and skin. The Gut The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is one of the largest interfaces between the host and its environment, you only have to think of the sheer volume of food and (and other items) that pass through your dog’s GIT in their lifetime. For this reason, it must posses a strong barrier to prevent pathogens reaching the inner workings of the body. Skin Vs. Gut Barrier The gut and skin barrier share surprisingly many features. Both organs are highly innervated and vascularized, as they are both essential for immune and neuroendocrine function. The inner surface of the gut and the outer surface of the skin are both covered by epithelial cells (ECs) which have direct contact with the exogenous environment. This way, the immune system is continuously primed to distinguish between harmful and beneficial compounds. Immune cell priming starts early on in life and forms the basis of tolerance. Your Pet’s Immune System But, both the skin and gut also posses a microbiome and it is this, along with the interplay between them that influences their health. How Does The Gut Affect The Skin? We have largely established the impact the gut has on skin through bacterial supplementation. Study One Mice who received Lactobacillus reuteri supplementation experienced increased dermal thickness, enhanced folliculogenesis, and increased sebocyte production which manifested as thicker, shinier fur. Findings Here Study Two Oral supplementation of Lactobacillus brevis SBC8803 in rats demonstrated a significant decrease in transepidermal water loss, which is a marker of skin barrier function. This was also replicated in humans. Findings Here Study Three Volunteers who took Lactobacillus paracasei NCC2461 supplements for 2 months had decreased skin sensitivity. Findings Here Study Four Another study evaluated the impact of Bifidobacterium breve M-16V and Bifidobacterium longum BB536 administration over the time period of 1 month prenatally, 6 months during infancy, and a period of 18 months follow up on the management of allergic diseases in humans. The study concluded that the incidence of atopic dermatitis was lower in the probiotic administered cases, compared to controls. Findings Here Whilst these studies are promising, there are equally studies which conclude no significant effect on inflammatory skin disease when supplementing probiotics. More and more data is appearing suggesting that clinical significance is largely strain specific, and some studies simply researched the wrong strain. Equally, we understand that inflammatory conditions are multifactorial, and there is no silver bullet. But what these studies do show us is that what goes on in the gut, can influence skin health. We have found that the metabolites found in the gut (those produced from the fermentation of fibre for example) have effects on the gut and the skin. SCFA’s are seen to have anti-inflammatory effects in the gut and in the skin. GABA metabolites modulate neurotransmitter function but also restrict itching in the skin. Dopamine modulates neurotransmitter function but also inhibits hair growth in the skin. Acetylcholine also modulates neurotransmitter function but also influences barrier function in the skin. This is also demonstrated when we look at dietary implications in skin conditions, for example, in cases of atopic dermatitis, diets are frequently low in fruits, vegetables, omega-3 fatty acids and high in omega-6 fatty acids. Findings Here But when we see the comorbidity of skin and gut issues, it’s easy to wonder which came first and what’s super interesting is that we see a bidirectionality. Studies have demonstrated that food allergies may result from an impaired skin barrier: atopic dermatitis sensitizes to peanut allergy due to epicutaneous peanut protein exposure in household dust, leading ultimately to immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated mast cell expansion in the gut. Findings Here Whether the gut or skin comes first, what is clear is that we need to support the health of both. The intestinal and epidermal barriers are connected through systemic circulation (blood and lymph), so healthy circulation is important. This is where appropriate exercise comes in. But avoid over-exercising as this ramps up the stress response in our pets and can be detrimental to the
It’s a sad realisation when we notice our dog getting a little stiffer or moving a little slower. Of course, we take it upon ourselves to make them as comfortable as possible. Joint degradation is a normal part of life, but as we know, certain things can speed it up. Alongside this, there are things we can do to potentially limit some of the damage, and food, nutrients and herbs that can help modulate the inflammatory process. We have compiled 5 of our favourite herbs for joint care in the dog. Joint Degradation Joint degradation is characterised by inadequate production of compounds necessary to its structure, along with reduced collagen synthesis. This can be a result of physical stress, trauma, autoimmunity, or aging. Here, inflammation is upregulated, creating further breakdown. It results in weak, damaged, or inflamed tissue with restricted or painful movement. Tissues are in the firing line when carrying out any physical activity and they may be susceptible to physical stress, strain, or trauma. Unexpected force or sudden changes in direction or speed are also more likely to cause issues (read: overweight dogs and those who chase balls regularly). This can be a particular risk during the winter, when walking in snowy, icy, or even muddy conditions. Tendons and ligaments are dependent on physical activity to develop, but it must be in moderation and appropriate. Joint degradation therefore has a number of risk factors: Nutritional insufficiency Physical stress or trauma Overuse – aging, Excess weight Autoimmunity The main concern in joint degradation is inflammation and the associated pain. And this is where our wonderful herbs can come in. 1) Horsetail Horsetail is a popular fern that has been used as an herbal remedy since the times of the Greek and Roman Empires. It grows wildly in Northern Europe and America, as well as in other moist places with temperate climates. It has a long, green, and densely branched stem that grows from spring to autumn. This plant contains a range of beneficial compounds, but we are most interested in its silica content and also its ability to function as an antioxidant. Silica, which is also present in bones, improves the formation, density, and consistency of bone and cartilage tissue by enhancing collagen synthesis and improving the absorption and use of calcium. Horsetail is rich in phenolic compounds which as we know are a group of antioxidants inhibiting oxidative damage. Not only this, but studies into rheumatoid arthritis have shown that horsetail has a down-regulatory effect on pro-inflammatory factors. It is often described as a great regulator of inflammation. Findings Here 2) Turmeric Turmeric is a flowering plant, but it’s the root we’re most interested in. Part of the ginger family, it looks very similar, but it’s the smell that helps you differentiate. Turmeric is frequently used in humans, to help with a range of diseases and conditions including skin, pulmonary, aches, pains, sprains, liver issues and cancer. Curcumin specifically is argued to be anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-microbial, anti-tumour and helpful in wound healing. Used in Ayurvedic and Chinese Medicine for centuries, it is now finding a place in Western Medicine. Many joint issues feature chronic inflammation, and in supporting our dogs, we aim to reduce pain and inflammation. So here comes turmeric with its anti-inflammatory properties! Several studies have shown that when supplemented with turmeric, arthritic dogs show a marked improvement in their daily life activity without any side effects! Findings Here 3) Ginger A University of Miami study concluded that ginger extract could be a substitute to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The study compared the effects of a highly concentrated ginger extract to placebo in 247 patients with osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee. The ginger reduced pain and stiffness in knee joints by 40 percent over the placebo. Research shows that ginger affects certain inflammatory processes at a cellular level, and as we know, many pathologies involving the joints have inflammation as the key player. There are more than 1300 types of ginger plant, and they contain a wide range of nutrients, including: vitamin C vitamin B6 the minerals magnesium, potassium, and copper gingerols, shogaols, paradols, and other phytonutrients and polyphenols Gingerol, shogaol, and paradols all have antioxidant properties, and gingerol and paradols are also anti-inflammatory. 4) Boswellia Serrata Boswellia resin can inhibit a branch of the arachidonic acid cascade related to leukotriene synthesis seemingly without affecting prostaglandin synthesis. It is considered that the excessive formation of leukotrienes is responsible for chronic inflammation. In 2004, researchers investigated the role of boswellia in inflammatory joint disease. After two weeks of treatment, an overall efficacy of the dietary supplement was evident in 71% of 24 eligible dogs. A statistically significant reduction of severity and resolution of typical clinical signs in individual animals, such as intermittent lameness, local pain and stiff gait, were reported after 6 weeks. Effects of external factors that aggravate lameness, such as “lameness when moving” and “lameness after a long rest” diminished gradually. They therefore concluded that boswellia herbal dietary supplement provided symptomatic support in canine osteoarthritic disease. Findings Here 5) Ashwagandha Ashwagandha is an evergreen shrub that grows in India, the Middle East, and parts of Africa. It has a long history of use in traditional medicine. We most commonly use it for its calming effect on anxiety symptoms along with building stress resilience, so it can help modulate any mood disturbances alongside chronic pain. But this wonderful herb may also act as a pain reliever, preventing signals from travelling along the central nervous system. It is also thought to have anti-inflammatory properties. One hundred and twenty-five patients with joint pain were screened at an Ayurvedic hospital in New Delhi, India. They ingested ashwagandha powder daily for three weeks to establish any symptomatic improvement. A significant change in post-treatment scores of tender joint counts, swollen joint counts, physician global assessment score, patient global assessment score, pain assessment score and patient self-assessed disability index score were reported. The researchers concluded that ashwagandha has a potential role
When we talk about nutrition we tend to focus on the protein and fat requirements of our pets (the carbohydrate requirement gets us all a little hot under the collar) and it stands to reason because they are macronutrients. What this means is that they are required in larger quantities for optimal bodily function. But we also have micronutrients, and despite them being required in lower quantities, they are still critical to health. Under the umbrella of micronutrients, we have vitamins and minerals. We have some helpful blogs on minerals here: Why Does My Dog Need Minerals – Part One Why Does My Dog Need Minerals – Part Two But, as vitamins are just as important, here at My Pet Nutritionist we thought we’d pop together a blog on why our dogs need them too! What Are Vitamins? Vitamins are defined by their physical and physiological characteristics. Vitamins are needed in minute quantities to function as essential enzymes, enzyme precursors of coenzymes in many of the body’s metabolic processes. Generally, vitamins are not synthesised by the body and must therefore be provided by food (but our canine companions have a trick up their sleeve with vitamin C for example). Fat vs. Water Soluble Vitamins Vitamins are split into fat soluble and water-soluble vitamins. In this blog, we will focus on the water-soluble vitamins. If you would like to learn more about the fat-soluble vitamins, then check out our blog here: Why Does My Dog Need Vitamins? Part One – The Fat-Soluble Vitamins The Water-Soluble Vitamins Water soluble vitamins are depleted at a faster rate because of limited storage and are less likely to cause toxicity but more likely to become deficient. Water soluble vitamins are absorbed by way of active transport, some vitamins require a carrier protein, like with B12 cobalamin (intrinsic factor), where others require a sodium dependent, carrier-mediated absorption pump. The B Vitamins The B complex vitamins are all water-soluble vitamins that were originally grouped together because of similar metabolic functions and occurrence in foods. These nine vitamins act as coenzymes for specific cellular enzymes that are involved in energy metabolism and tissue synthesis. Coenzymes are small organic molecules that must be present with an enzyme for a specific reaction to occur, like a key being required for a lock to engage. The following vitamins are all involved in the conversion of food to energy: thiamine riboflavin niacin pyridoxine pantothenic acid biotin The following are all important for cell growth and maintenance and/or blood cell synthesis: folate B12 cobalamin choline (it’s not actually a vitamin, but its often grouped with the B vitamins due to their similarities) Spotlight On… Biotin: Known as Vitamin H, for Haar and Haut (hair and skin), we know it more commonly as vitamin B7, or Biotin. One of the B vitamins, Biotin, helps the body convert food into energy. Specifically, biotin is involved in gluconeogenesis, which as we know is the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources. Biotin is involved in fatty acid synthesis, which as we know, is key in skin health. Biotin is also involved in amino acid breakdown. Deficiency of biotin has been associated with immune depression and reduced collagen synthesis, another key consideration in structural health. Biotin deficiency is rare in those who ingest a varied diet, but symptoms in the dog include alopecia, dull coat, brittle hair and scaly skin. The use of antibiotics in the dog decreases the bacterial population of the large intestine which increases the dietary requirement for biotin. Rancid fats also inactive biotin, along with feed rancidity (storage conditions and length). Chlorine inactivates biotin, so this is of concern if dogs are offered chlorinated drinking water. Findings Here Many foods contain biotin, so opt for organ meats, eggs, fish, meat, seeds, and nuts. Fruits like raspberries also contain biotin, and vegetables like sweet potato. There are however some concerns that egg whites contain avidin which binds to biotin, making it unavailable for intestinal absorption. Deficiency has only occurred when over 30% of the diet consists of raw eggs. So, like all things, moderation is key. Vitamin B12 Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is critical for a range of functions in the body. A common deficiency in human vegetarians, disorders of cobalamin metabolism are seemingly increasing in small animal medicine. The causes of deficiency range from chronic gastrointestinal disease to hereditary disease, but what is clear is the health impact of low levels. Vitamin B12 is essential for DNA and RNA synthesis and for cellular energy production. All cells in all bodies need to know what they are doing, and they need energy to do them! There are no known naturally occurring bioactive forms of B12 in plant sources. This is because B12 is synthesised by the bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract of animals, and then absorbed by the host animals. B12 is concentrated in their tissues, which is then eaten by other animals. Sources of B12 include red meat, fish, dairy and eggs. B12 can be depleted in times of stress. This occurs from a range of mechanisms. Stress is a physiological response; in the presence of a threat, the sympathetic nervous system kicks in for fight or flight. Energy is diverted to the brain and muscles as these are the parts of the body needed to escape. Once the threat has been resolved, the parasympathetic nervous system kicks in, returning energy to other bodily functions, which is why it is known as the rest and digest phase. In times of chronic stress, digestive functions can be significantly altered, which can result in malabsorption of nutrients, in this case B12. There are also suggestions that gastric acid can vary during times of stress, increasing or decreasing depending on the personality of the host. Changes in stomach acid secretion can also affect the digestion and absorption of nutrients. Can Stress Affect My Dog’s Digestive System? The last mechanism by which B12 levels are affected during times of stress is due to its role
When we talk about nutrition we tend to focus on the protein and fat requirements of our pets (the carbohydrate requirement gets us all a little hot under the collar) and it stands to reason because they are macronutrients. What this means is that they are required in larger quantities for optimal bodily function. But we also have micronutrients, and despite them being required in lower quantities, they are still critical to health. Under the umbrella of micronutrients, we have vitamins and minerals. We have some helpful blogs on minerals here: Why Does My Dog Need Minerals – Part One Why Does My Dog Need Minerals – Part Two But, as vitamins are just as important, here at My Pet Nutritionist we thought we’d pop together a blog on why our dogs need them too! What Are Vitamins? Vitamins are defined by their physical and physiological characteristics. Vitamins are needed in minute quantities to function as essential enzymes, enzyme precursors or coenzymes in many of the bodies metabolic processes. Generally, vitamins are not synthesised by the body and must therefore be provided by food (but our canine companions have a trick up their sleeve with vitamin C for example). Fat vs. Water Soluble Vitamins Vitamins are split into fat soluble and water-soluble vitamins. In this blog, we will focus on the fat-soluble vitamins, with the water-soluble vitamins to follow. Fat soluble vitamins can be stored in the body’s lipid deposits, making them more resistant to deficiency but also more likely to result in toxicity. Fat soluble vitamins require bile salts and fat to form micelles for absorption. They are then passively absorbed through the lacteals (the lymphatic vessels of the small intestine which absorb digested fats), usually in the duodenum and ileum and transported with chylomicrons to the liver via the lymphatic system. Synthetic and naturally made vitamins are used in the body in the same way but they do have different availabilities. The Fat-Soluble Vitamins Vitamin A Vitamin A is the term which describes several compounds which biologically, have the activity of the parent compound retinol. This form of the vitamin and its derivatives are found only in animal tissues, whereas plants contain precursors in the form of the carotenoids. These are the yellow/orange pigments found in carrots and many other vegetables. The most widely abundant precursor of vitamin A is carotene, and most animals can convert this into the vitamin itself. The well-known function of vitamin A is its role in vision. Vitamin A is a precursor of rhodopsin, the photopigment found in rods within the retina of the eye that helps us and our pets to see at night. One manifestation of vitamin A deficiency is slow, dark adaptation progressing to night blindness. Vitamin A is also part of the bone formation and bone resorption equation. It influences both osteoblast and osteoclast function. Much data is now suggesting higher vitamin A levels are associated with lower bone density so balancing levels is essential. Vitamin A plays a role in maintaining healthy endothelial cells which are those lining the body’s interior surfaces. As we know, in the gut, they play a role controlling the passage of antigens and commensal gut microbiota from the intestine into the bloodstream. Another key role of Vitamin A is supporting immune function. It helps make white blood cells which circulate in the body, searching for foreign invaders and cell irregularities. Sources of Vitamin A: Carotenoids: sweet potatoes, dark leafy greens, yellow/orange/red fruits/vegetables. Retinoids: animal meat; liver, fish oil. Vitamin D Vitamin D is actually a hormone that promotes calcium absorption. In human health, you will have heard it referenced as the sunshine vitamin as it is produced in the skin in response to sunlight (UV) exposure. Unlike herbivores and omnivores, cats and dogs are unable to synthesize Vitamin D adequately in the skin. There is no seasonal change in concentrations and studies have shown that when fed a diet deficient in Vitamin D, puppies develop rickets which could not be prevented by exposure to UVB light. Findings Here This means that cats and dogs are dependent on dietary sources of Vitamin D. There are two forms of Vitamin D. Vitamin D2 is also known as ergocalciferol which occurs in plants and Vitamin D3, known as cholecalciferol, is created in the skin during exposure to UV light and occurs in animals. Cholecalciferol (D3) is of greatest nutritional importance to both cats and dogs and luckily it can be obtained from the consumption of animal products that contain it. Once vitamin D3 is formed in the skin (of animals who can do so), it binds and is then either stored or transported to the liver. Both D2 and D3 are biologically inactive and must undergo two more steps to be activated. This involves both the liver and the kidneys. Vitamin D plays an indirect role in bone health by managing calcium levels in the body. It controls absorption of calcium in the intestine and the amount of calcium excreted by the kidneys. If Vitamin D levels are low, then the intestines struggle to absorb calcium. Vitamin D is also vital in immune function. We find vitamin D receptors on a range of immune cells, meaning there needs to be sufficient levels of it in the body for the cells to do their job. Vitamin D can help modulate inflammatory responses and is also required to produce natural killer cells which are known for killing virally infective cells. Findings Here The Importance of Vitamin D for Cats and Dogs Vitamin E Vitamin E includes several compounds, of which the most biologically active and widely distributed is alpha tocopherol. Vitamin E functions as an important antioxidant within cells, protecting lipids, particularly the polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes against oxidative damage caused by free radicals and active forms of oxygen that may be generated during metabolic processes. The dietary requirement for vitamin E is influenced by the intake of selenium because of its role in glutathione
Here at My Pet Nutritionist we describe the liver as the powerhouse, simply because it has so many jobs. For this reason, when it’s feeling a little under the weather, the ramifications can be widespread. What is it they say, prevention is better than cure? With this in mind, are there foods we can include in our pet’s diet that can support liver health? Of course! Certain wholefoods contain a range of nutrients which can support our dog’s whole health, so here are a few of our favourite foods to support liver health. 1) Blueberries Almost all chronic liver disease is under the background of elevated oxidative stress. This occurs when the number of free radicals found in the body outweighs its ability to cope with them. Antioxidants neutralise free radicals. This versatile berry contains anthocyanins which function as antioxidants which been seen to protect the liver from oxidative stress. Studies have found that in the livers of rats, such protective compounds found in fruits like blueberries slowed the development of scar tissue and may be useful in the prevention of hepatic fibrosis. Other fruits rich in antioxidants include: Cranberries Raspberries Strawberries Mango, Watermelon Blackberries 2) Leafy Green Vegetables (kale, spinach etc.) Not only does this family of vegetables provide a wide range of nutrients and health benefits, but they also have the added ability of increasing the liver’s natural detoxification enzymes. Detoxification is carried out by a range of mechanisms, and this comes in particularly handy if one pathway is overwhelmed, another can pick up the slack. Detoxification falls into three phases. The first two phases are concerned with breaking down the toxin in the body, and phase three is concerned with excreting it. For us to manage ours and our dog’s toxic load, all three phases need to be working optimally. Phases I and II are particularly nutrient demanding, and it goes without saying that the higher the burden on the phases (the more toxins our dogs are exposed to), the higher the nutrient requirement again. Sufficient levels of key vitamins and minerals like vitamin A, C, E, B1, B2, B3 and iron, along with cysteine, are essential and this is where our trusty greens come in. In leafy greens you get substantial amounts of vitamins such as A, C, K, and many of the B’s including folate (B9), plus minerals such as calcium, iron, magnesium, manganese, and potassium. You’ll also find lots of fibre made up of complex carbohydrates, and antioxidant phytonutrients such as beta-carotene, lutein, and zeaxanthin. 3) Fatty Fish (mackerel, tuna, sardines etc.) Consuming fatty fish that are high in omega-3 fatty acids regularly can help modulate inflammation and it is this mechanism that is crucial to so many health issues in both us and our dogs. Inflammation is a normal response of the body to protect tissues from infection, injury, or disease. The inflammatory response begins with the production and release of chemical agents by cells in the infected, injured, or diseased tissue. These agents cause redness, swelling, pain, heat, and loss of function. Inflamed tissues generate additional signals that recruit leukocytes to the site of inflammation. Leukocytes destroy any infective or injurious agent and remove cellular debris from damaged tissue. This inflammatory response usually promotes healing but, if uncontrolled, may become harmful. Acute inflammation typically lasts only a few days. If a wound gets hot, turns red, hurts, and swells, we recognize that inflammation is at work. In this instance, inflammation is a beneficial process, serving to immobilize the area of injury as the rest of the immune system mobilizes to heal. In contrast, chronic inflammation lasts weeks, months or even indefinitely and causes tissue damage, and this too can occur in the liver. In chronic inflammation, the inflammation becomes the problem rather than the solution. Chronically inflamed tissues continue to generate signals that request help from leukocytes in the bloodstream. When leukocytes reach the tissue, they bring inflammation to the party. This chronic inflammatory response can break down healthy tissue in a misdirected attempt at repair and healing. Inflammation and Fatty Acids Arachidonic acid is an omega-6 acid that is involved in the synthesis of eicosanoids. Eicosanoids play an important role in the body, they modulate many processes including reproduction, blood pressure, haemostasis and of course inflammation. The issue occurs when there are too many. This is why we are particularly interested in balancing out our omega 6 and omega 3 fatty acids. Many commercial foods come in higher on the omega 6 front, and so we really need to be adding some wonderful omega 3’s to the bowl (in the form of oily fish). Not only this, but omega-3 fatty acids inhibit an enzyme called cyclooxygenase (COX), which produces the prostaglandin hormones that spark inflammation. The action is similar to what happens when NSAIDs are ingested which also disrupts the COX-2 signalling pathway, reducing inflammation. The inclusion of omega 3’s in your dog’s diets is beneficial to whole body health, not just liver health. Essential Fats for My Dog’s Diet 4) Eggs Eggs are sources of choline, and this nutrient is particularly useful to the liver. Most choline is metabolized in the liver where it is converted into phosphatidylcholine, which assists in building fat-carrying proteins and breaking down cholesterol. True choline deficiencies have regularly been linked to liver disease. Whilst eggs are a good source, you will also find choline in beef, beef liver, chicken, fish, shiitake mushrooms, and cruciferous vegetables like broccoli and brussels sprouts. If you would like to learn more about the nutrients to support liver health in your dog, check out our blog here: Foods to Feed in Liver Disease And if you would like to learn more about conditions that can affect your dog’s liver, check out our blog here: Natural Guide to Liver Disease If you are concerned about your dog’s health and would like to speak with us, then please check out our services. Thanks for reading, MPN Team
The 3rd of January is known as the Festival of Sleep, so here at My Pet Nutritionist, we thought we’d look into sleep in a little more detail. We often forget how important sleep is to overall health, for both ourselves and our pets. So let’s get to grips with why our dogs need it and some top tips for improving its quality, including whether there are nutrients that can help too! Sleep is widely studied for its evolutionary benefits. It is crucial for most daily functions. It is clear in humans, that when suffering sleep restriction, they have attention lapses, slowed working memory, reduced cognition, and depressed thought. Studies have also shown a significant reduction inactivity in dogs experiencing sleep restriction. Sleep can also mean the difference between life and death. Let’s take a trip back to the late 1800s. Whilst Coca Cola was sold in bottles for the first time in 1894, we still hadn’t made that much progress with animal testing. Marie De Manaceine was fascinated with sleep deprivation. She had established that mental disturbance resulted from partial insomnia, but she wanted to know more. So, in her Lab, she recruited puppies. 10 to be specific; aged 2, 3 or 4 months old. Whilst they continued to be fed by their mother, she kept them in constant activity. In short, she deprived them totally of sleep. After 96-120 hours, the puppies were irreparably lost. What is interesting (despite it being macabre), is that when puppies were starved, they could be saved after 20-25 days. This wasn’t possible when they were sleep deprived. Marie found that sleep deprivation significantly affected the puppy’s brains. When they were starved, the brain was left almost spared. But, in the absence of sleep, fat degeneration, blood vessel abnormalities and haemorrhaging occurred. In short, when the rest of the body is negatively affected by malnutrition, to an extent it can be saved. However, when the brain is affected, it is fatal. Sleep and The Brain The brain is the command centre for the nervous system. It is divided into three main sections; the brain stem which controls basic life functions, the cerebrum, which is the responsible for decision making and the cerebellum which controls movement. We know how a diet limited in lipids can detrimentally affect the brain and contribute to neurological disease, but sleep deprivation still had a worst impact in these puppies. Findings Here Many studies since Marie’s, have demonstrated that sleep loss (not deprivation) during development can result in reduced brain mass, neuronal death and subsequent behavioural problems. On the subject of the brain, it is pertinent to mention the glymphatic system. As we know, the body possesses its own sewerage system – the lymphatic system – but the brain has its own independent waste disposal system known as the glymphatic system. This system is gaining traction and being implicated in neurodegenerative disease. Researchers suggest that the glymphatic system may also function to help distribute non-waste compounds like glucose, lipids, amino acids and neurotransmitters. This system functions mainly during sleep, being largely disengaged during times of wakefulness – this suggests that amongst its many functions, sleep provides a state of activity that enables the elimination of potentially neurotoxic waste products. Your Pet’s Lymphatic System Sleep and Immune Function Sleep supports the initiation of an adaptive immune response. Slow wave sleep, and the circadian system act in concert to generate a pro-inflammatory response as well as reduced levels of the anti-inflammatory stress hormone cortisol. The hormonal changes in turn support the early steps in the generation of an adaptive immune response in the lymph nodes. In addition, sleep specifically supports memory formation in the immune system. The implication of sleep on immune response is demonstrated in various studies of vaccination, for example sleep on the night after experimental vaccinations against hepatitis A produced a strong and persistent increase in the number of antigen-specific Th cells and antibody titres. Findings Here Sleep and Cognitive Function One of the main purposes of sleep is to consolidate memories or learning. This has also been found true in dogs. Learning affects sleep structure which ultimately decides whether you retain the information or not. Interestingly, in studies, those dogs allowed to sleep after learning a new command were more likely to retain the command at a later date than dogs allowed to walk or play. Findings Here How Much Should Dogs/Puppies Sleep? Adult dogs, in a laboratory setting, when left, will sleep on average for around 13 hours per day. They are diurnal, which means they are active during daylight hours. Rest occurs during dark periods with activity increasing the two hours before light. Dogs have a natural rest period around noon and then reduced activity during the afternoon. Findings Here Puppies can sleep anywhere between 18-20 hours per day. Again, you will notice higher activity in the morning and then rest, with reduced activity around noon and into the afternoon. Interestingly, the experiences that your dog has can affect the type and quality of sleep they experience though. Studies have found that after a negative experience, dogs will fall asleep more quickly. It is thought that this is a protective sleep, in response to stress. This should be a consideration for all dog owners. It’s all too easy to attribute an “exhausted” dog to the busyness of the day. Be mindful, their sleeping habits could be more indicative of their experience. Findings Here In humans, lack of sleep is classed as a major stressor. It wouldn’t be too much of a stretch to suggest similarly for our canine companions. Below average sleep quotas are linked with anxiety, aggression, decreased response to reward, lower frustration tolerance and low resilience. Sleep disturbances affect hormone levels; specifically stress hormone levels. Animals experiencing sleep disturbance demonstrated less grooming behaviour and opt for fewer enrichment activities, and we know how important these activities are for stress regulation in dogs. Findings Here Ideas To Help Your Puppy Sleep If your
Christmas can be a little chaotic at the best of times; some of our companions love the attention from all the visitors, but some can get a little overwhelmed. There are many strategies that we can employ for our furry friends to get through this time of year unscathed, but we can also support them nutritionally too! Here are our top nutritional tips for canines this Christmas. Max Out On Magnesium! Magnesium excretion is increased during times of stress. Catecholamines and corticosteroids enhance the shift of magnesium from inside the cell to outside of the cell leading to increased urinary excretion. In turn, low magnesium levels increase the release of stress-associated hormones. This unfortunately creates a cycle of a reduced resistance to stress. Offer your dog plenty of magnesium rich foods like leafy greens, nuts and seeds. Time for Tea! L-Theanine is seen to facilitate the generation of alpha waves which are indicative of a relaxed but awake and alert state. L-Theanine helps regulate the usual stress responses like increased blood pressure, heart rate and cortisol secretion and it’s found in our trusty tea! Green tea packs the highest content, so brew up a cup of decaf and share it with your pooch this Christmas. Dose up on D! Did you know that Vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased anxiety scores? Whilst we know it plays a role in immune function, it also contributes to cognitive function along with mood and behaviour. Add plenty of fresh foods containing Vitamin D to your dog’s bowl, including: liver, fish and eggs! Mushrooms are a great source too, and if you keep them in the windowsill, you’ll get even more Vitamin D too! Always remember to saute mushrooms before feeding. Build Up Your B’s! B vitamins are heavily involved in the synthesis and breakdown of stress hormones. Whenever we or our dogs are stressed, we release a cascade of hormones that help us manage the threat in front of us. When the threat has passed, those hormones need to be broken down so our bodily functions can return to normal. It goes without saying, the more often our bodies have to do this, the higher the demand for B vitamins (and more). B vitamins are water-soluble, meaning they need to be replenished daily, and this is even without any stressors we may be facing. Offer your dog plenty of sources of B vitamins in their bowls like seafood, poultry, red meat, leafy greens and seeds! Our wonderful Calm Complex provides all of the above. br] br] Fill up on Ferments! This may not apply to all dogs; especially if you are tackling an itchy issue, but there is increasing data highlighting that poor microbial diversity in the gut is linked with increased scores of anxiety. A great way to support microbial diversity is to ensure the diet contains both pre and probiotic foods. Prebiotic sources include: mushrooms, dandelion greens, garlic, burdock root and more. Probiotic foods include fermented products like kefir. Aside from certain nutrients, we also know how important chewing is in engaging the parasympathetic nervous system – which is the rest and digest side of the stress response. This is why offering whole foods, which take some chewing, is great for your dog’s physical and emotional health. Why Dogs Need To Chew Other top (non-nutritional) tips for supporting your overwhelmed canine this Christmas: Set up a safe space – this can be a covered crate or simply a quiet spot somewhere in the house. Try to maintain as much of the routine as possible, Head out on walks when it’s quiet – when everyone is driving home for Christmas at the same time, it can get a little unnerving for your anxious pooch. If you would like any support with your pets, then please check out our services. Thanks for reading, MPN Team
