The topic for this blog post here at My Pet Nutritionist, is all about the skin, specifically, two skin conditions we see frequently in dogs who come to us for help. Calcinosis Cutis, and Mucinosis are two conditions affecting the epidermis, and can be mild, or severe. Find out more about what they look like, what causes them, and how to support the body in getting rid of them in this blog post. What Are Calcinosis Cutis and Mucinosis? Calcinosis cutis and Mucinosis are both skin conditions, which can look quite similar. They both result in hairloss and redness of the skin, usually with either scabs, lesions, or small bobbles of skin, much like a patch of very tiny grapes. The bobbles are more apparent in cases of Mucinosis, and the legions or scabs are more typical of those suffering with calcinosis. Both conditions are as a result of a build up of substances in the various layers of the skin, but the deposits are different depending on the condition. Calcinosis cutis occurs when there are deposits of insoluble minerals in the skin, which leads to dystrophic calcification (where blood calcium levels are normal, but calcium salts are deposited in tissues, often due to damage) or metastatic calcification (where blood calcium levels are elevated). Dystrophic calcification is the more common form of calcification found in dogs, but metastatic calcification can happen. This condition is often in one or two smaller patches on your dog, however if the majority of the body is covered in the associated calcium deposits, the vet may diagnose it as Calcinosis universalis. Findings Here Dogs diagnosed with this condition require further investigation, as it occurs as a secondary issue to an underlying, and often severe health problem, which we will go deeper into shortly. Findings Here Mucinosis, or Cutaneous Mucinosis, happens when there is a build up of a glycoprotein called Mucin. Mucin is predominantly comprised of Hyaluronic Acid, and is essential in the body and plays a role in immune system modulation, inflammation control, lubrication of the digestive and reproductive tracts, lubrication of joints, and aids in the removal of pathogens, allergens, and foreign bodies. The more Hyaluronic Acid in the body, the more mucin there is, produced by the intestinal epithelium. Excess Mucin in the body is pushed toward the surface of the skin, which leads to severe bobbling and folding of the skin. Findings Here Findings Here A diagnosis of Mucinosis is not usually life-threatening, but secondary issues including breathing issues, eye problems such as entropion, and bacterial skin issues may occur. Mucinosis also occurs as a secondary condition to an underlying health problem, much like those with Calcinosis cutis. Causes of Calcinosis Cutis and Mucinosis Both conditions are as a result of an underlying condition, so let’s take a look at what causes what! When it comes to breed predisposition, Mucinosis is common in the Shar Pei. This is thought to be due to a genetic mutation which has been inherited from earlier generations, which causes high levels of hyaluronic acid to be present in blood serum. Larger/heavier set breeds, including bulldogs and German Shepherds seem to be affected by Calcinosis cutis more commonly than other breeds. Findings Here Age can be a factor in Calcinosis cutis too, affecting younger dogs under 2 years of age more commonly than older dogs. Trauma to the body, and reactions to medications, vaccinations, and foreign bodies can all be common underlying causes of Calcinosis cutis, as these leave tissues exposed, and vulnerable to inflammation and deposits of calcium mineral salts. Trauma and reactions cause the dystrophic form. Similarly, as inflamed tissues are at higher risk of damage, allergies and intolerances can be linked back to both conditions. Working on allergies, and running an elimination diet is essential for many with these conditions. You can learn more about elimination diets here. You may also wish to check for allergies using a nutriscan test. Findings Here When we look at specific medications that can cause Calcinosis cutis, there’s one type we commonly see as a cause of the condition; steroids. The over use of steroids is one of the top contributors to the onset of Calcinosis cutis in its metastatic form. Long term steroids can leave the body open to so many diseases, which is why it’s always best to get to the root cause of your pet’s issue, and only use steroids short term, and as a last resort. Findings Here Much like the over use of steroids, the over production of corticosteroids, which are adrenal hormones used by the body in the control of inflammation, is another of the most common underlying problems associated with Calcinosis cutis. The condition ‘hyperadrenocorticism’ (commonly known as Cushing’s Disease) is where the adrenal gland over produces corticosteroids as a result of adrenal cancer, pituitary cancer, or overgrowth of the adrenal glands. Unfortunately, the presence of too much corticosteroid in the body can supress the immune system, and damage the gut microbiome, which causes deposits of calcium to build up in the skin. Findings Here Kidney disease can also be an underlying cause of a build up of calcium in the skin, as their main role is to remove waste and excess products from the blood. If the kidney is unable to function properly, it wont be able to filter out any excess mineral salts. This is more common in cats than dogs, but can also happen in dogs in rarer cases. In dogs, kidney disease and the associated onset of Calcinosis cutis can be caused by contraction of leptospirosis. Findings Here Those with cancerous tumours on major glands in the body can also cause the blood calcium concentration to raise, leaving the body with excess calcium to be pushed through the layers of the skin, causing Calcinosis cutis. Findings Here When it comes to non-genetic underlying causes of Mucinosis in dogs, there are two theories, both regarding hyaluronic acid. The first is that there is a defect
Iodine is an extremely important mineral to include in your dog’s diet. It has many uses in the body and is the backbone of many bodily functions. At My Pet Nutritionist, we understand the importance of micronutrients, and strive to educate pet owners in how to feed their pets with maximum health benefits. Let’s look at what roles iodine plays in the body, and where it can be found. The Role of Iodine in the Body Iodine is a trace mineral which cannot be made by the body. As it is so important, and cannot be produced by the body, it must be consumed in the diet of all mammals. Iodine is essential for healthy functioning of the thyroid. The hormones used by the thyroid, thyroxine and triiodothyronine, cannot be made without iodine. These hormones support a healthy metabolism, as well as protein creation and keeping enzymatic functions under control in the body. Linked to the support of enzymes, an iodine rich diet enables the body to use calorific intake as energy instead of being stored as fat. While doing this, iodine also helps rid the body of harmful heavy metals like Mercury. Iodine can also aid cancer prevention by causing a process called ‘Apoptosis’ to occur. Apoptosis is the self-destruction of cancerous cells. Acting as an antioxidant stimulator is another of iodine’s roles in the body, and in turn helps keep the immune system strong. If we compare canines to humans with regards to iodine turnover in the thyroid, the turnover of iodine in the canine is far more rapid than that in the human. Dogs are not as good at conserving iodine stores as humans are, and also deposit more in faecal waste, making iodine consumption extremely important. Findings Here Findings Here Sources of Iodine Iodine is found in the highest amounts in sea dwelling vegetation, and animal based proteins. The amount of iodine in different sea vegetable based supplements varies, so it’s important to choose one with a good amount of iodine, but not too high an amount. Findings Here Kelp Seaweed – dried – 6635mcg per 5g Wakame Seaweed – dried – 210mcg per 5g Nori Seaweed – dried – 116mcg per 5g Cod – cooked – 186mcg per 100g Oysters – cooked – 109mcg per 100g Eggs – cooked – 26mcg per egg Beef Liver – cooked – 16mcg per 100g Prawns – cooked – 15mcg per 100g Leafy greens – steamed – 8.8mcg per 100g Low Fat Fish Iodine Deficiencies There are numerous health issues caused by a lack of sufficient amounts of iodine in the diet. Let’s explore those. Hypothyroidism Hypothyroidism is caused by a deficiency of the thyroid hormones, which is caused by a deficiency of iodine in the diet. Iodine is a huge part of the synthesis of thyroxine and triiodothyronine, so with a lack of it, these hormones cannot be produced in the amounts required by the thyroid to avoid hypothyroidism. Symptoms of hypothyroidism include weight gain due to decreased metabolic rate, difficulty regulating body temperature/warming up, baldness/excess shedding, lethargy, and other skin related issues. One study also suggests a link between hypothyroidism and behavioural changes, but this is an avenue not fully explored yet. Some commercially prepared diets have been shown to lack the correct amount of iodine a dog needs, vs home cooked with and without suitable iodine supplements added, so no matter what you feed, if any of the symptoms above are present in your dog, you may wish to book a consultation with one of our team. Read more about Hypothyroidism here. Findings Here Findings Here Cancer Iodine deficiency seems to stimulate follicular cell-derived thyroid cancer. It may not be the base cause of the cancer itself (known as the ‘initiator’) but certainly stimulates carcinogenesis. Thyroxine therapy is often used in thyroid cancer cases, to suppress the cancer. Studies show carefully supplemented diets with sufficient iodine content result in less serious cases of thyroid cancers. Findings Here Findings Here Studies also show links between cancers of the breast and iodine deficiency. Treating canine mammary cancer with iodine alongside antineoplastic drugs is proven to be very effective. Findings Here Goiters Goiters are swellings of the thyroid gland, which present clinically as a lump in the throat. Often a direct result of an iodine deficiency, goiters can be rectified by increasing the amount of iodine in the diet. Goiters can also be caused by hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, or even thyroid disease, so its important to seek veterinary attention. Findings Here Can You Give Too Much Iodine? The short answer is … yes! There are numerous studies on dogs given too much iodine, and iodine toxicity is a condition to be mindful of. At My Pet Nutritionist, of course we recommend a well balanced fresh diet, whether that is raw or cooked, as per our recipes, however if you are feeding a commercially prepared dry food, be mindful that the food may either lack, have the correct amount of, or even exceed the required amount of iodine for your dog; we just don’t know! Hyperthyroidism is a risk when the dog has too much iodine in the diet. Symptoms of hyperthyroidism include weight loss due to a vast increase in metabolic rate, swelling of the neck/thyroid gland, excessive urination, excessive thirst, excessive defecation, and choking/vomiting. Read more about Hyperthyroidism here. Findings Here If you have any worries about your pet’s diet, or want to improve their diet, please don’t hesitate to book a consultation with one of our team! Team MPN x
In our last blog we considered the importance of minerals for your dog’s health, but we only got so far. There are further minerals, ones we deem trace minerals, which are also important to optimal health. So, let’s get cracking. Chromium Within human realms, chromium is mostly talked about for its role in modulating blood glucose levels. It is considered that chromium acts as a cofactor that can enhance the effects of insulin on target tissues. In states of chromium deficiency, abnormal glucose utilisation results along with increased insulin demands. Findings Here Along with potentiating the action of insulin, chromium increases uptake of amino acids into muscle, heart, and liver and enhances protein synthesis. It also plays a role in regulating blood lipids. Increased Risk of Deficiency: Diets high in sugars and refined carbohydrates (results in increased urinary excretion of chromium) Increased stress (physical activity, infection, trauma or illness) Pregnancy Ageing Sources of Chromium: Broccoli Turkey Chicken Brewer’s Yeast Cobalt One of the things you may not have realised about Cobalt is that it is an integral part of Vitamin B12 (cobalamin – get it?). Why Your Dog Needs Vitamin B12 Cobalt is therefore essential for the function of cells. It is involved in the production of red blood cells and the production of antibacterial and antiviral compounds that prevent infections. This mineral plays a key role in the metabolism of fats and carbohydrates as well as the synthesis of proteins and conversion of folate in their active form. In the nervous system, cobalt also plays a role in the prevention of demyelination, which is a condition that results in damage to the membrane that covers the nerve fibres in the brain and spinal cord. This ensures efficient nerve transmission. Copper Copper has a number of functions throughout the body including: Energy production in mitochondria Mobilisation and transfer or iron from storage sites to the bone marrow Synthesis of collagen and elastin in connective tissue Acts as an antioxidant (as zinc/copper superoxide dismutase) Supports synthesis of melanin in the skin Synthesis of adrenaline and noradrenaline in the nervous system Breakdown of serotonin, histamine and dopamine Increased Risk of Deficiency: High intakes of supplemental iron, molybdenum, or zinc Prolonged use of proton pump inhibitors (acid reducers) Gastrointestinal disorders (chronic diarrhoea, inflammatory bowel disease) Increased levels of oxidative stress (air pollution, toxin exposure) Signs of Deficiency: Anaemia Increased vulnerability to oxidative damage Reduced immune responses Abnormal skeletal growth Changes and loss of hair and skin pigmentation Lethargy Excessive copper build-up in the liver can cause liver disease in some dogs. Common breeds of dog that are affected include Bedlington terriers, Labrador retrievers, and Dalmatians. There are clear genetic implications found in Bedlington Terriers which prevents normal copper excretion. Three forms of the disease occur: (i) asymptomatic – in which signs are yet to develop, (ii) acute -seen in dogs up to six years of age, with the sudden onset of severe illness shown as depression, anorexia (not eating) vomiting and possibly jaundice (yellowing of mucous membranes, whites of eyes and skin), and (iii) chronic – seen in middle-aged dogs with signs of chronic liver damage and sometimes failure which may show vomiting, weight loss, jaundice and abdominal swelling. It is considered that many commercial dog foods report total copper levels as higher than recommended, and some home-made diets may not furnish adequate amounts of copper. Findings Here That said, data indicates that copper absorption is greater when diets are animal protein rather than plant protein. Findings Here Iodine An essential mineral, iodine is used by the thyroid gland to make thyroid hormones that control many functions in the body including growth and development. If you would like to learn more about the thyroid gland and the conditions that often affect it, check out our blogs here: Hypothyroidism Hyperthyroidism Hyperthyroidism in Cats Iodine can only be obtained from diet or in supplemental form. Of interest, concurrent deficiencies in selenium, iron or vitamin A may exacerbate the effects of iodine deficiency. Seaweed like wakame are rich in iodine, but other sources include eggs and poultry. Iron Functions: Oxygen transport Oxygen storage as myoglobin Energy production Cofactor for multiple enzymes Production of neurotransmitters and thyroid hormone There are two sources of iron, haem, and non-haem. Haem is found primarily in meat and meat products where non-haem is found in plants. Haem is generally well-absorbed, whereas non-haem absorption is largely affected by other factors. Common inhibitors of iron absorption are phytates, tannins, starch, and proton pump inhibitors. The body has three unique mechanisms for maintaining iron balance and preventing deficiency and overload: Storage of iron Reutilisation of iron Regulation of iron absorption Iron from food is mainly absorbed in the duodenum. Iron can be in ferrous state (Fe2+) or ferric state (Fe3+). Fe3+ is not directly absorbed, but Fe2+ is easily absorbed. In the intestine, Fe3+ is converted by ferric reductases into Fe2+. When required by the body, iron is transported by transferrin to bone marrow and other tissues. Iron is required for the transport of oxygen, oxygen storage in muscle and is also a component of energy production. After absorption, any iron that isn’t needed, is stored as ferritin in the liver, spleen, or bone marrow. During times of high need, iron is then released. Most of the iron in the body is contained within red blood cells. Red blood cells have been noted to have a life span of around 110-120 days but when they reach the end of their life span, they release iron. The resultant liberated iron can be reused to produce new erythrocytes in bone marrow, stored as ferritin or released back into systemic circulation. Iron deficiency anaemia is the common condition associated with decreased iron levels, resulting in low circulating haemoglobin and reduced myoglobin. Iron deficiency is also associated with lower T and B lymphocyte, macrophage, and neutrophil function. Your Pet’s Immune System On the other side of the scale, iron toxicity is generally associated with supplementation. At a
If you have been following any nutrition nerds (including us here at My Pet Nutritionist) then you will have likely come across the terms macro and micronutrients. We tend to reference them more commonly in the human realms, but that doesn’t mean that they don’t also apply to our canine companions (and feline for that matter). When we mention macronutrients we are referencing those needed in larger amounts in the body and they encompass protein, fat and carbohydrates. When we consider micronutrients we are looking at vitamins and minerals. Despite them being needed in micro amounts, they are still biologically necessary to all functions in the body. So, let’s take a look at minerals in a little more detail and see why your dog needs them. What is a Mineral? A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic solid, with a definite chemical composition, and an ordered atomic arrangement. What on earth does this mean we hear you wonder? Well, let’s break it down. Minerals are naturally occurring, meaning they are not made by humans. They are inorganic, meaning they have never been alive. They are solid, meaning they are not liquid or gas. Each of them has a unique structure and arrangement which is how we know what they are. For the dog we are interested in 17 essential minerals. We have macrominerals which are needed in larger amounts and trace minerals which are needed in smaller amounts. Macrominerals Calcium You’ll likely be familiar with calcium as you were probably told to drink your milk so you would have strong teeth and bones. Calcium is the main structural component of skeleton and teeth, but it also plays a role in blood clotting. In addition, it is involved in the intracellular messaging triggering the contraction of muscle fibres. Calcium also plays a role in fat oxidation and it carries ATP (energy) with magnesium. There is an increased risk of deficiency in: Diets containing large quantities of phosphorus and sodium. Fat malabsorption (fat binds calcium, reducing absorption). Vitamin D deficiency. Diets containing large quantities of oxalates. Signs of Deficiency: Poor bone mineralisation, Muscle cramping and spasm, Increased irritability of nerve cells, Abnormal blood clotting and increased bleeding after trauma. Chloride Chloride is one of the most important electrolytes found in the blood. It plays a key role in controlling the amount of water and type of compounds that go in and out of cells. It therefore plays a crucial role in homeostasis. Chloride also contributes to muscle function and this includes the heart. This mineral helps red blood cells exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide too! Lastly, chloride supports digestive processes through its role in the production and release of hydrochloric acid in the stomach, and as we know, without this, foods won’t be properly digested and subsequently absorbed. Low levels of chloride are usually found alongside existing health issues which result in electrolyte imbalances. Sources of Chloride: Himalayan Salt Seaweed Magnesium Here at My Pet Nutritionist, we have a thing about Magnesium, for good reason. If you want to know more about this trusty mineral, then check out our full blog here: Why Is Magnesium So Important to Your Pet But the one often forgotten role of magnesium is the part it plays in energy, so we’ll do a recap. The bottom line is that insufficient micronutrient intake results in poor ATP production in the mitochondria. Remember that ATP is the currency of energy and the mitochondria is the powerplant of the cell, where it all happens. Magnesium and copper are star minerals for making ATP and without enough ATP or energy, the body hasn’t got enough resources to do what it needs to! In addition, a deficiency in magnesium can lead to mitochondrial damage. Signs and Symptoms of Deficiency: Muscle cramps and spasms Anorexia, nausea, vomiting Arrythmias Sodium and water retention Impaired action of vitamin D Increased Risk of Deficiency: Diets emphasizing processed foods and refined grains (largely nutrient deplete) Strenuous training Periods of rapid growth Intestinal malabsorption Medications (diuretics, steroids, laxatives) As a note, magnesium deficiency has also been linked to increased inflammatory cytokines, so this is a consideration to make in any chronic inflammatory condition. Findings Here Phosphorus Phosphorus in mainly used for the growth and repair of body tissues – it is a component part of bones, teeth, RNA and DNA. In the form of phospholipids, phosphorus is also a component of cell membrane structure and of the body’s key energy source, ATP. Many proteins and sugars in the body are phosphorylated. In addition, phosphorus plays key roles in regulation of gene transcription, activation of enzymes, maintenance of normal pH in extracellular fluid, and intracellular energy storage. A range of foods contain phosphorus, mainly in the form of phosphates and phosphate esters. Phosphorus in seeds for example, is in the form of phytic acid, the storage form of phosphorus. Because many species intestines lack the phytase enzyme, much phosphorus in this form is unavailable for absorption. Low phosphorus levels in the body can include anorexia, anaemia, proximal muscle weakness, skeletal effects (bone pain, rickets, and osteomalacia), increased infection risk, ataxia, and confusion. But in most cases, hypophosphatemia (low phosphorus) is caused by existing health conditions, such as hyperparathyroidism, kidney disorders, and diabetic ketoacidosis. In cases of chronic kidney disease, their ability to excrete phosphorus becomes compromised. This is why low phosphorus diets are often recommended. Kidney Disease Potassium Another electrolyte, potassium is also involved in energy production and membrane excitability and transport. Throughout the body there are a number of functions that are potassium dependent. If potassium is deficient, these enzymes or proteins are unable to carry out their job as they should. For example, one heat shock cognate protein, involved in protein folding, autophagy, apoptosis and cell stability requires potassium to carry out these functions. In a deficit, cell senescence results, along with DNA damage, carcinogenesis, and neurodegeneration. Findings Here The bottom line is that potassium helps nerves and muscles to function correctly, it maintains a
One of the most popular herbicides in the world, it was first patented by Monsanto in 1974. Since then, glyphosate tolerant genetically modified crops were commercialised, paving the way for its increasing use, year on year. Here at My Pet Nutritionist, this makes our stomachs churn a little, and we’ll let you know why. What is Glyphosate? Glyphosate is a systemic, broad-spectrum herbicide. This means that it moves throughout the plant, and kills any plant not genetically modified to resist it. Glyphosate is a strong chelating agent; it creates complexes that immobilise the mineral micronutrients of the soil (calcium, iron,magnesium, manganese, nickel, zinc) making them unavailable to plants. It also acts as a powerful antibiotic – killing all bacteria in the soil. Due to its antibacterial properties, glyphosate has been reported to affect the gut microbiota of animals, killing the beneficial bacteria and leaving the pathogenic ones behind. This has been linked to adverse effects in farm animals, which feed on glyphosate-treated soya and corn feed. For more information on the importance of a diverse microbiome, checkout our blogs: Here Here Here Glyphosate and Health The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) of the World Health Organisation (WHO), classified glyphosate as a “probable human carcinogen”, following a thorough analysis performed by 17 independent world leading experts from 11 countries using only publicly available studies. The conclusion on experimental animals was based on two experiments where mice had developed malignant tumours as a result of exposure to glyphosate alone. Findings Here. Glyphosate and Hormone Glyphosate alone and glyphosate-based products alter the hormone metabolism in different mammalian cell lines and have been reported to reduce the conversion of androgens to oestrogens (resulting in production of more male than female hormones). In experimental studies with mice, glyphosate-based products also alter the reproductive hormone metabolism and reduce fertility. Findings Here. Glyphosate, Growth and Development Experimental animals exposed to glyphosate have given birth to foetuses with increased heart malformations and abnormalities, absent kidneys, distorted ribs, lungs and skeleton, as well as embryonic deaths. Findings Here. Glyphosate and the Nervous System Glyphosate and glyphosate-based products have been seen to affect the growth and development of nerve cells also. Glyphosate has been reported to disrupt the function of brain nerve signalling, brain cell organelles (mitochondria) and cause neuronal cell death. Findings Here. Whilst these all offer food for thought; we’re going to focus on cancer research a little further. When concluding that it is a probable human carcinogen,researchers took into consideration the strong evidence of genotoxicity (DNA damage) and oxidative stress (tissue/cell damage) in humans and laboratory animals following exposure to glyphosate-pesticides and its metabolites. As we know, the first step to cells becoming cancerous is unusual DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) structure. DNA contains the instructions that ours and our dog’s cells need to develop, live, and reproduce. These instructions are passed down from parents to their offspring. Every cell must undergo growth, and then it must die. Cancer cells on the other hand receive aberrant instructions. Of interest here is the concept that these instructions are passed down from parents to their offspring, and in relation to glyphosate, it has been established as genotoxic. Here, you not only have to consider your dog’s exposure to the product, but that the damage could be seen in future generations, and equally, your dog could be experiencing health issues because of their parent’s exposure. This is of particular concern when a study highlighted glyphosate has been found in several commercial cat and dog foods on the market. Findings Here. As it is sprayed on many crops, and most commercial foods are crop based, this is of little surprise. Glyphosate has been implicated in the disruption of proteins crucial to detoxification pathways; it affects the host’s ability to remove other environmental chemicals, causing them to be more nephrotoxic than they would otherwise be. This is why, many reviews are now linking glyphosate to kidney disease of unknown origin and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Findings Here. Again, this is a worry if these modifications can be passed from generation to generation. Are dogs becoming less efficient at removing environmental chemicals, in a world where we have never had more? We don’t know the answer to that question, but its certainly worth considering. If you would like to learn more about detoxification pathways and toxins found in the home, check out our blogs: Here Here Here How much are us and our pets actually exposed to? Many laboratory tests have demonstrated the possible absorption of glyphosate in the gastro-intestinal tract of humans and mammals, as well as absorption through inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact. In 2012 the German magazine Oko-Test found traces of glyphosate in wheat flour, oats, and bread in 14 samples out of 20 analysed. In 2014 the Moms Across America group and the SustainablePulse information website reported the presence of glyphosate in human milk in 3 out of 10 samples. In 2015, the National University of La Plata in Argentinadetected traces of glyphosate in 85% of the sample tampons purchased in supermarkets and all analysed samples of medical gauze and cotton. In 2016, research conducted by Boston University and AbraxisLLC revealed the herbicide’s presence in 62% of conventional honeys and in 45% of organic honeys. In 2016, another two studies conducted by the Munich Institute of the Environment and the Consumer Magazine 60 Millions de Consommateurs, found traces of glyphosate in 14 beers, among the best known in Germany (Beck’s, Paulaner, Warsteiner, etc.) and in panty liners from the feminine hygiene company Organyc. In Italy, 100 food products based on flour and 26 samples of drinking water were analysed by the magazine Test-Salvagente, they found traces of glyphosate in half of the food and in two samples of water. Findings Here. The fact that it finds its way into so many different products really shines a light on how we need to pay attention to everything we are exposed to or expose our pets to – including their
You’re in the middle of your daily grooming session and you notice a thinning patch of hair on your canine companion. Without any obvious recent trauma to result in scar tissue and no replacement hair, your mind starts going to all the places it shouldn’t. A quick google search likely doesn’t help but well here at My Pet Nutritionist, we hope to give you possible solutions. There are in fact a number of reasons why your dog may start losing his hair, or having thinning areas, so let’s look at them in a little more detail. Hair growth occurs in stages: – Anagen – the growing phase – Catagen – the transition phase – Telogen – the resting phase – Exogen – the shedding phase An intact hair coat is maintained by the lifelong cycling of these phases. When a hair follicle has passed the telogen stage and shed it, if it remains empty for a period of time it is deemed kenogen. The anagen phase is restarted when epithelial stem cells are in good form. Stem cell activity is dependent on many complex interactions including: Immune cell function Nerve fibres Hormones Genetics Daylight Nutrition Circadian rhythm And stress 1. Hormones So much of a factor, there is a condition deemed hormonal alopecia in dogs. This can be linked to neutering with many owners reporting hair loss or thinning post neutering. But when we say hormones we are also considering thyroid hormones. The thyroid gland is in fact active in the initiation of hair growth and replacement. Located in the neck near the trachea or windpipe, this gland produces hormones which regulate metabolism. Both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism can result in hair loss in the dog although hypothyroidism is likely the more commonly occurring form of hormonal alopecia in dogs. Initially hair loss is patchy, the coat is dry, the hair is brittle and easily pulled out. Quite often hyper pigmentation occurs. In some cases, secondary pyoderma and seborrheic dermatitis may follow. The hair that remains is often stuck in the telogen or resting phase, hence it’s poor condition. Other signs of hypothyroidism includes: Weight gain Lethargy Increased susceptibility to infections Slow heart rate Abnormal nerve functioning which presents as non-painful lameness or lack of coordination Keratoconjunctivitis or dry eye Fat deposits in the corneas of the eyes Thyroid function is easily assessed through screening and if it isn’t running all on cylinders, then it can often be managed. 2. Nutrition It wouldn’t be a My Pet Nutritionist blog without mentioning nutrition now would it. Nutritional status affects hair growth and maintenance. Every cell in every body, including our dog’s, needs basic components to carry out their function. This includes immune cells, stem cells and hair follicles. The root of a hair is made up of protein cells and nourished by nearby blood vessels. As it grows, sebaceous glands near the hair follicles produce sebum which is made up of triglycerides, wax esters and cholesterol. Sebum lubricates the skin and hair to protect it from friction and therefore makes it impervious to moisture and/or pathogens. The hair moves through its phases, but new data is suggesting that even though telogen is defined as the resting phase, hair follicles aren’t doing that much resting. In fact, much cellular activity occurs during this phase so that tissues can regenerate and grow new hair. This means there is a demand for nutrients. Time and time again there has been a link made between nutritional status and hair health and growth. Low vitamin D status has been implicated in cases of alopecia Over-supplementation of Vitamin A is associated with alopecia In a Biotin deficiency signs include hair loss, Folate deficiency can result in hair, skin and nail changes Vitamin C is known to aid iron absorption, the latter being implicated in hair loss Hair loss is a common sign of zinc deficiency Hair loss can be seen in Iodine deficiency, also a mineral that aids thyroid function All things considered we would advocate afresh food diet which includes: Meat protein (haem iron is found in meat, chicken and fish and is more easily absorbed that non-haem iron found in plant foods). Oily fish (source of Vitamin D) Organ meats (good source of biotin) Leafy greens (folate came from the latin folium because it was first found in leaves!) Berries (source of Vitamin C) Meat and shellfish (source of zinc) Be mindful if you are tackling any other health concern which requires the elimination of any of these foods, we can always help you find alternative nutrient sources. 3. Stress Stress, we can confidently say is the bane of everyone’s life, including our pet’s. But what is particularly interesting is that in some cases, hair loss follows months after a traumatic event often making it difficult to connect the dots. As we have mentioned, hair cycles through different phases and all follicles can be at different stages at any onetime. Many will be in the growth phase or anagen phase before hitting telogen and ultimately shedding. But high levels of stress can cause a blanket shift in the phases and bump many of the follicles to telogen, all at the same time. The result? Bald patches or thinning. It makes sense evolutionarily. When facing a threat, what is more important? Brain and muscle function or hair growth? Stress triggers a sort of redistribution of resources, which in the short term is manageable. The issue is when faced with chronic stress. Hair loss as a result of trauma may not appear until the initial stressor has passed, the growth phase has been prematurely stopped, hitting telogen sooner, but then we still have to wait for the shedding to occur. We then need the growth phase to start again, which may or may not happen depending on the recovery from the stressor or in fact whether the host is still experiencing it. Stress also depletes nutritional resources along with impeding the digestion and absorption of them and as
Very much like itching, hypothyroidism has become an epidemic amongst dogs. If your pet has been given the diagnosis of some sort of thyroid dysfunction/disease and you want the very best for them, then read on. Holistic principles and nutrition offer a tremendous advantage over conventional approaches to thyroid problems, because they tend to address the multi-factorial convergence of factors influencing thyroid health. The approach in this article is to not look at the thyroid in isolation but to consider adrenal health, gut function, liver function and immunity. Thyroid Disease Hypothyroidism is the natural deficiency of thyroid hormone that regulates your dog’s metabolism. This deficiency is produced by immune-mediated destruction of the thyroid gland by natural atrophy of the gland, by dietary deficiencies, or as a congenital problem. Low thyroid levels can affect all of your dog’s organ systems and if left unattended to, may develop into something really serious. The symptoms of hypothyroidism can vary greatly from dog to dog. There are different forms and reasons for thyroid disease but ultimately it manifests in a slowing of metabolism. Conversely, hyperthyroidism, commonly found in cats, is metabolism in overdrive, due to the over production of hormones. The main forms of thyroid disease such as Autoimmune Thyroiditis (Hashimotos), Hypothyroidism (non autoimmune), and Hyperthyroidism (Graves Disease). Autoimmune Thyroiditis (Hashimotos) is the most common cause of primary hypothyroidism in dogs. The body’s immune system develops antibodies against its own thyroid gland because of an over reactive immune response. Cells as they become attacked and destroyed, leave remaining cells having to work harder, trying to over compensate. Around 95% of hypothyroidism is caused by Autoimmune Thyroiditis and not nutritional deficiency. A blood marker called Canine Thyroglobulin Autoantibody (TgAA), highlights the nature of this thyroiditis. Other, rarer causes of hypothyroidism include cancer and congenital defects. Hypothyroidism (non-autoimmune), when not caused by autoimmunity, hypothyroidism is due to the under production of the two main hormones, T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine). This is often caused by nutritional deficiency or genetics and accounts for about 5% of hypothyroid cases. It happens most often in female dogs over 5 years of age, but can affect dogs of any age and sex. This chronic condition typically comes on gradually and can go undetected for a long time. In both hypothyroidism (non autoimmunity and autoimmunity) there are multi-factorial factors influencing thyroid health. Hyperthyroidism (Graves Disease) occurs when your dog’s body produces too much of the thyroid hormone, increasing your dog’s metabolic rate to potentially dangerous levels. This disease is rare in dogs and is more commonly seen in cats. When it does affect dogs it tends to be incredibly serious. There is another blog on this coming shortly. Goitre can be a symptom of thyroid function and is the enlargement of this gland. Often caused by possible iodine deficiencies, eating a lot of goitrogenic foods, too much iodine in a diet, and inherited genetic polymorphisms, can affect the synthesis of thyroid hormones. Cancer of the thyroid is very rare but not unheard of. Certain breeds certainly, genetically fall prey to such issues but not restricted to. Breeds most likely to develop the hypothyroidism are Cocker Spaniels, Miniature Schnauzers, Dachshunds, Golden Retrievers, Doberman Pinschers, Airedale Terriers, and Irish Setters. There are number of signs and symptoms in Thyroid disease. If any of these arise consistently, you should go to the vets and get it checked out. Possible signs and symptoms in Hypothyroidism Aggression Depression Constipation/Diarrhoea Dull and dry coat Weight gain Lethargy Feeing the cold/signs such as dithering Thickening of the skin Thinning coat Itching Hair loss in patches Various skin disorders Anaemia Muscle weakness Possible stiffness Dry cough Slow heart rate Development of furrowed head wrinkles Unfortunately, the majority of these aren’t necessarily specific to thyroid disease as signs and symptoms can vary from case to case. A visit to the vets as soon as any symptoms arise, is always the best option. Thyroid function The thyroid gland is part of the endocrine system, a small butterfly-shaped gland in the neck, just in front of the windpipe (trachea). One of its main functions is to produce hormones that help to regulate the body’s metabolism (the process that turns food into energy). These hormones are called triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4). What may cause Thyroid Disease: Poor Diet; ultra processed food can trigger inflammation and an imbalanced immune system. Diet may not solely be to play in the etiology of this disease, but it certainly plays a huge role. Dry food contains a high amount of starch, imbalanced Omega 6:3 ratios and often inappropriate ingredients that create inflammation and in turn can lead to autoimmunity. Nutritional Deficiencies; although only 5% of hypothyroidism boils down to nutritional deficiency, it is always advised to have testing done to cover all bases. Common nutrients are B2, B9, B12, Iodine, Zinc, Magnesium and Selenium. Poor Methylation; leads us on from nutritional deficiencies. Very much like humans, dog’s have to convert folate into methyl folate to allow DNA methylation and synthesis to occur. Poor methylation due to diet and genetics may mean poor bodily function and B9 nutritional deficiency. A good B9 status is highly correlated to a healthy thyroid function. Food sensitivities and allergies; the intestinal lining can become inflamed after immunological reactions, caused by sensitivities and allergies. This can lead to poor stomach acid, poor gut microbiota, possible SIBO (small intestinal bacterial overgrowth) and leaky gut. Poor Stomach Acid: the most common instigator of poor absorption among thyroid patients is reduced levels of stomach acid. Stomach acid is necessary for the absorption of both macro and micro-nutrients, digesting protein and killing bad bacteria and yeasts. Poor Gut Microbiota; the microbiota influences the uptake of iodine, selenium, and iron, and the microbiota may alter the availability of L-thyroxine. Gut Guardian Leaky Gut Syndrome; caused by poor diet, stress, toxins and so much more, an immune response within the gut can cause inflammation and damage to the ‘one cell epithelial’. Human findings have correlated celiac disease/leaky gut with Hypothyroidism. Findings here
I am writing this blog today because I keep seeing a bashing of the use of supplementation of vitamins and minerals for your dog and I think it can become confusing and taken out of context. I wanted to create a whole picture of your dog’s health, the nutritional profile of food, common deficiencies, genetic mutations and malabsorption issues, that can affect this entire picture of health and where deficiencies can most certainly lead to concerns such as poor digestion, skin issues and disease. I am not an advocate of throw it in and see happens, but I am an advocate for addressing nutritional shortfalls in a diet that can most certainly lead to other issues if left unturned. So this blog is about balance, retrospect and highlighting that there isn’t always a generic approach to feeding. Food supplements are an umbrella for functional ingredients whether they are wholefoods, probiotics, fatty acids or vitamins and minerals. Food supplements are big business and rightly so as certain supplements can offer unique and effective support in some cases. Many of us may know about chamomile and valerian for calming, medicinal mushrooms for immune support, glucosamine and green lipped mussel for joint support and probiotics for digestive support and immunity. The list is endless when it comes to wonderful supplements we can use, some of great quality and efficacy and some not so great. Supplements are a wonderful addition to a healthy diet if used correctly and can support disease. Today I wanted to mention the use of vitamins and minerals and the controversy surrounding them. Gut Guardian Vitamins and minerals, unless from wholefood source, and believe me I’ve been in the industry long enough to know this process is far from the ‘wholefood’ dream you are sold, are derived from a number of sources that may be deemed synthetic. This seems to be a dirty word in the industry at the moment and without people knowing much about it, they tend to give it a bad wrap. Whilst I am not an advocate of overloading the body with additional vitamins and minerals, I do know how transformative they are when used in deficiency or disease and also in some cases, prevention. Foods nowadays don’t tend to provide the levels of nutrients expected and required from what we call a balanced diet. This is why it’s become such a huge industry in the health sector. Looking at pets, this trend closely follows. Due to agriculture, farming and depleted soils, food doesn’t always offer the nutritional profile we are led to believe (no one meat source or vegetables will contain the same amount of vitamins and minerals). Creating recipes is something I have to do on a weekly basis. I love working with the power and transformative therapy of food but I do on occasion like to ensure a little added vitamin and mineral are provided when I know it is something that often shows up as a deficiency due to depletion or that a particular dog will require additional support. For example, there are some beautiful zinc rich foods that you can include in your dog’s food on a daily basis if you create your own food at home. Whether this be from oysters, pumpkin seeds, venison and other red meats but as a formulator of foods, it’s easy to see how many meals, even over time, don’t quite hit the mark for the amounts required by dogs. Research has proven that zinc is one of the hardest minerals to absorb due to it being pipped to the post by so many other minerals and around 60-85% of zinc in the diet is not well utilised and absorbed. I hope I am painting a fair picture here, it’s simply about balance and looking at possible shortfalls. In my practise, I work with due diligence and a fine tooth comb. As a functional medicine practitioner, I work off a grid that maps all bodily systems over a 12 page questionnaire. We look at this sytem as well as history, presenting symptoms and possible diagnosis. I would call it a jigsaw puzzle that I piece together, trying to fill in any missing pieces. I can quite often tell if there is a deficiency but I do often work with tests to make sure the more dangerously stored nutrients such as A,D,E and K are tested. Unfortunately there is poor testing for minerals and whilst some might still offer blood tests, this often gives inaccurate readings unless your dog is at death’s door. There are a number of symptoms associated with deficiencies that when taking in the whole picture of health, can often tell you a lot about the pathophysiology and the health state of your dog. Fresh foods are incredibly important for a number of reasons. They provide enzymes, antioxidants, phytonutrients and fatty acids that are all essential for good health. Vitamins and minerals are only one factor and aspect when we look at ‘nourishment’. However, vitamins and minerals are incredibly important and involved in 1000’s of biochemical pathways in your dog’s body. Whilst food source is always preferable, we can see that there can be many reasons for dog’s not to absorb effectively. The most common deficiencies I see in clinic today are vitamin B9, vitamin B12, vitamin D, magnesium and zinc. Obviously this is not exclusive, just my overall experience. Reasons for nutritional deficiencies Poor commercial food I don’t even know where to begin. Most foods are so void of any nutrition after they have been cooked to high temperatures, several times over, a premix of vitamins and minerals have to be added to provide any nutrition at all. This isn’t good basic nutrition and i am not a fan of any commercial food unless home cooked style or raw. To further the problem even more, many commercial pet food in the EU do not fulfil nutritional requirements. Only 6% (6/97) of wet and 38% (30/80) of dry food were fully compliant
