Here at My Pet Nutritionist, we help pet owners with a host of different health conditions, especially those where dietary changes are paramount to proper management or even cure. One of the conditions we see from time to time is PLE. PLE stands for Protein Losing Enteropathy, which is a daunting diagnosis for pet parents. Those with PLE unfortunately lose excessive amounts of protein from the intestines. In healthy individuals, albumin and globulins (two important proteins which are required for normal, healthy functioning of the body) circulate round the body in the bloodstream. Their main roles are to maintain the balance of fluid within the body, and also aid in immune function. those with PLE succumb to intestinal disease which causes these proteins to leak out, and they are then excreted in bowel movements. As PLE is a long term disease, this leaking continues to occur, which ultimately leads to hypoproteinaemia (low blood protein levels) and other systemic (affecting the full body) problems. Findings Here Continue reading to find out what to look for, how this disease can be caused, how it is diagnosed, what treatment your vet may offer, and how you can support your pet naturally. Symptoms and Causes When it comes to looking into the causes of PLE, we almost hit a roadblock. PLE is technically classed as a syndrome as opposed to a disease as it is the culmination of multiple intestinal diseases. Each of these intestinal diseases contributes to gut damage which ultimately leads to PLE in these individuals. So, rather than looking at causes of PLE, let’s take a look at the intestinal diseases which all contribute to PLE. SIBO: Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth occurs when there is an overgrowth of bad bacteria in the small intestine, which the good bacteria is unable to control. This causes damage to the intestine lining. IBD: Inflammatory Bowel Disease causes chronic intestinal inflammation which contributes to gut damage. Bacterial, Viral or Parasitic Infection: infection in the gut will cause inflammation. Intestinal Lymphangiectasia: pets with this disease suffer dilation and/or rupture of the intestinal lymphatic vessels, which leads to direct protein leakage from the bloodstream itself. Intestinal Ulcers: ulcers in the intestine will cause inflammation and direct gut damage, which causes protein loss. Gastrointestinal Cancer: chronic inflammation is caused as a result of cancer. Congenital Lymphatic Disorders: some conditions affecting the lymphatic system may be present, which would directly lead to protein leakage. Breeds commonly affected genetically include Yorkshire Terriers, English Bulldogs, Poodles, Soft Coated Wheaten Terriers, Labradors, Pointers, Borzois and Grate Danes. Findings Here Findings Here There are numerous symptoms owners of pets with PLE may notice; some more obvious than others! An individual can have one, or many of the following symptoms, and each symptom may vary in severity. Chronic diarrhoea: this can be constant or intermittent Rapid weight loss: even with an increased or normal appetite Difficulty gaining weight: when eating more meals or higher calorie foods, these individuals will not gain weight Vomiting and nausea: these show intestinal discomfort Abdominal swelling: as the proteins in control of fluid in the body are leaking, there will be nothing balancing fluid levels, so abdominal swelling is common in these dogs Fluid retention: this goes hand in hand with abdominal swelling, but may be seen throughout the body Lethargy: energy levels will lack due to chronic inflammation in the body Reduced coat condition: inflammation in the gut causes skin and coat problems via the gut-skin axis Difficulty breathing in severe cases: again, with an increase in fluid accumulation due to the lack of albumin and globulins, in the most severe cases the chest cavity may fill with fluid; this is called ‘pleural effusion’. Findings Here Findings Here Diagnosis There are a multitude of tests performed to determine if a dog has PLE or not. Due to the nature of PLE being caused by multiple underlying diseases, various different methods of testing are required to work together in order to find not only low blood protein levels, but also to find and rule in or rule out which underlying diseases are contributing to the PLE. Treatment options may differ depending on the underlying cause of the PLE. Lets take a look at the various tests your vet may carry out when diagnosing PLE. Blood Testing: a full blood panel will be carried out. The results of this test will determine albumin levels, globulin levels, total blood protein levels, and also cholesterol levels among other blood components which may point out other diseases that may be going unnoticed. Urinalysis: your vet will likely request a urine sample from your pet to determine whether protein may be being lost from the kidneys – this condition is known as Protein Losing Nephropathy. Faecal Analysis: a faecal sample will also be requested, so the lab can analyse it for potential presence of bacterial infection or parasitic infection. Ultrasound: to enable the vet to see inside the intestine to assess the thickness or quality of the intestinal wall, your pet may have an ultrasound. The lymph nodes can also be assessed for any further underlaying conditions. X-Rays: The purpose of an X-Ray here is to detect any fluid build up, and any abnormalities of the intestine. Endoscopy: this procedure entails a small camera to be inserted into the anus and threaded up into the intestinal tract, giving the vet the ability to see clearly whether there is intestinal inflammation, cancer or any other intestinal diseases often associated with PLE. Intestinal Biopsy: at the same time as an endoscopy, the vet may remove a small sample of tissue if they suspect a tumour may be the cause of your dog’s PLE. The sample can be tested, and a confirmed diagnosis made. Findings Here Findings Here Conventional Treatment Due to the nature of PLE, there is no one set treatment for all individuals with the disease. The treatment one receives heavily depends on the cause of their individual dog’s PLE. Typically, regardless of underlying
Canine Epileptoid Cramping Syndrome, abbreviated to CECS, is a debilitating disease. This disease is very much dietary related, and it is something we see in clinic from time to time here at My Pet Nutritionist. Other names you may see this disease referred to as are Paroxysmal Gluten-Sensitive Dyskinesia (PGSD) or Spike’s Disease. It is a neurological movement disorder, whereby unusual muscle contractions occur much like during an epileptic episode, but the dog does not lose consciousness. CECS was once classed as epilepsy, but has since been reclassified due to the lack of unconsciousness. Episodes occur most in the presence of gluten in the diet, even in small quantities. Border Terriers are most commonly affected by CECS, and it is triggered by gluten sensitivity. The disease itself is considered rare, however it is also thought that it may be underdiagnosed in this breed due to the relatively high prevalence of gastrointestinal disorders and epilepsy in the Border Terrier. Other breeds often affected by the disease include Chihuahuas, Labradors, Scottish Terriers, Jack Russels and Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. Findings Here In this blog, we will look at symptoms, causes, diagnosis, how it is treated by the vet, and what you can do at home to support your pet naturally. Symptoms and Causes Those suffering with CECS can have a varying degree of symptom severity. Some may have very short, mild episodes, whereas others may have more severe, longer episodes which affect their coordination for some time. It is important to remember that during an episode of CECS, the dog does not lose consciousness! The most common signs of a CECS flare up in dogs are: Stiff muscles or cramping, most commonly in the legs and abdomen. Stumbling and difficulty walking Possible collapsing Tremors/shaking throughout the body Twitching of the face including jawline and eyebrow areas Abdominal stretching, similar to the ‘downward dog’ yoga position Gastrointestinal upset can occur before or after an episode The exact cause of CECS is largely unknown, however it is known that the major trigger of it is the presence of gluten in the diet. CECS can be part of a severe gluten sensitivity, which is an immune mediated issue. CECS may be caused by neurotransmitter imbalances or abnormal metabolic processes. Some cases of CECS are also triggered by stress. Findings Here Findings Here Findings Here Diagnosis Diagnosing CECS can be tricky. Because CECS has symptoms very similar to other conditions, it is often mistaken for more common disorders. When a dog displays any of these symptoms, he or she should be taken to the vet for diagnosis – a correct diagnosis is important as managing CECS is very specific, and not like the management of any other disease with similar symptoms. Typically, the first step is for the vet to review your dog’s medical history, and carry out a physical examination. If you can bring with you a video of your dog having one of the episodes associated with CECS, your vet will want to see it as this can be a part of the dog’s diagnosis! Rather than ruling in CECS in the first instance, other similar diseases tend to be ruled out before an official diagnosis is made. In order to rule out any metabolic disorders, a full blood panel and urinalysis is performed. A neurological examination will be conducted, however rather than looking for abnormal neurological activity, the results showing ‘normal’ between episodes is another piece to the puzzle of diagnosing CECS. In order to rule out epilepsy, an EEG or an MRI could be carried out. Once these are ruled out, the vet can begin looking into specific testing to rule in possible CECS. A Gluten Antibody Test will be carried out. When looking at the results of this test, if the anti-gliadin antibody result is elevated, the likelihood of a gluten sensitivity is strong, which is a large part of CECS. Finally, a dietary trial will be carried out, whereby the dog is fed a totally gluten free diet for a matter of many weeks or even months – a food and health diary should be kept so the owner is able to see any patterns. If the frequency of episodes decreases as your dog stops eating gluten, a diagnosis of CECS will be given. Findings Here Findings Here Conventional Treatment This disease is one of the few diseases for which there is no conventional treatment your vet can necessarily offer, with the exception of muscle relaxants or anticonvulsive medications, however these tend to be hit and miss as to whether they help, as they are only beneficial for those with true epilepsy. Your vet will advise you to feed a strictly gluten free diet. Of course here at My Pet Nutritionist we recommend a gluten free diet as standard, preferably a fresh offering; we will discuss diet later in this blog post. As owners and guardians, we need to ensure our pets are kept safe and comfortable during an episode of CECS. If you are unsure how to protect your pet during an episode, chat to your vet to find out some hints and tips on keeping your pooch safe. Findings Here Findings Here A Natural Approach to CECS As always, our approach is often supported by veterinary care, so we tend to look at this as a complementary approach as opposed to alternative. Here’s our top tips to support your pet naturally: Feed a fresh, gluten free diet: gluten isn’t something we would recommend using on your pet’s diet regardless of health status, however this is most important in those with CECS. Fresh food is our top choice for all dogs, but especially for dog with CECS, whether that is raw or lightly cooked. You can check out our ‘Ultimate Raw Feeding Guide for Dogs’ which contains 10 balanced raw food recipes, or our large catalogue of cooked food recipes on our website. Premade raw foods are a great option too! When buying store bought treats, make sure
Here at My Pet Nutritionist, we love to look at every avenue when it comes to pet health. There are various support options available for most disease within the body, from drug therapy to dietary tweaks to supplements. One fairly new therapeutic method on offer is Faecal Microbiota Transplant (FMT). A huge number of common diseases in pets are largely down to an unhealthy gut microbiome composition. The gut microbiome is composed of a diverse community of bacteria, fungi, and viruses. The key determinant of gut health lies in the balance among these microorganisms. In a healthy gut, microbial populations exist in a state of equilibrium that supports optimal digestive and immune function. When this balance is disrupted, resulting in an overrepresentation of potentially harmful microbes relative to beneficial ones, the body becomes more susceptible to inflammation, infection, and disease. During FMT treatment, the stool of a healthy donor animal is processed to be safe, and given to the pet with the poor microbiome composition, where it settles in the gut, repopulating the unhealthy gut microbiome into a healthy one. Findings Here There are multiple uses for FMT, so let’s explore these! Uses of Faecal Transplant While FMT is a relatively new support option on the market, it has been shown to have some incredible benefits and uses! Antibiotic resistant infections: the original and intended use of FMT was to help the individual recover from antibiotic resistant bacteria called Clostridioles difficile. Outcompeting the bad bacteria with the good bacteria of a healthy donor animal can help combat this nasty, often recurring infection. IBD/Colitis: research is ongoing into the treatment of IBD and Colitis using FMT. Liver Disease: the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy using FMT is being investigated! A healthy gut means other organs can remain healthy. Autoimmune disease: researchers suggest FMT could play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disease such as arthritis. Metabolic disorders: some metabolic disorders, including poor digestive capabilities and insulin sensitivity may be helped by FMT. Neurological health: as FMT improves gut health, neurological health is directly aided due to the gut-brain axis. Recovery from parvovirus: FMT can be used to repopulate the gut following parvovirus; this is an essential part to recovery, so FMT could be something to discuss with your veterinarian. Findings Here Findings Here Findings Here Production and Administration Many people are curious to know how a FMT sample is made, and how it is administered to the pet. Read on to find out! Prepping the gut to be as healthy as possible using a gut health supplement like our Gut Guardian is an excellent first step. for your pet to get the most out of FMT, the gut needs to be in at least a semi-healthy state. Our analogy is: When you have a premium car with a rusty engine, putting the best oil in won’t necessarily help the car to run better! Due to the nature of FMT, the sample starts life in a healthy donor. Before a sample is taken from the proposed donor, the donor receives a comprehensive examination, and their health history is thoroughly examined. If that donor animal has any history of gastrointestinal issues, they cannot donate faecal matter. Similarly, if they have any ongoing parasitic infection or infectious disease, they will not be able to donate. The use of antibiotics is also not permitted in a donor animal. Once an appropriate donor is selected, a sample of faecal matter is collected, which is then blended into a slurry like liquid with saline solution or any other sterile pure liquid. This solution is filtered, creating a smooth liquid. There are 4 main ways FMT is administered to pets: Oral capsules: the mixture is encapsulated, which allows the pet to swallow the capsule as they would any medication. This method of administration is done while the animal is awake. Enema: using a catheter, the liquid is administered directly via the rectum. This approach is carried out under anaesthetic or sedation. Endoscopy: a tube is inserted into the mouth, and fed through to the gastrointestinal tract. The prepared liquid is pushed through the tube, and deposited into the intestine. This procedure is carried out under anaesthetic. Colonoscopy: a tube is inserted through the rectum and into the gastrointestinal tract, where the prepared liquid is deposited directly into the intestine. This procedure is carried out under anaesthetic. Following the procedure, the pet will be kept at the vet, on strict crate rest to ensure they do not defecate for at least 2 hours. Their condition will be monitored to ensure there are no adverse effects. Probiotics are often recommended as a long term supplement. Findings Here Findings Here How Effective is Faecal Transplant? The big question is: is FMT really that effective? According to studies, FMT appears to be very effective at treating some of the aforementioned health issues! Some small studies suggest a 70-90% improvement in chronic diarrhoea cases after the use of FMT. Those with pets previously suffering with IBD report moderate to significant improvement. In cases where FMT is used as part of a patient’s recovery from parvovirus, it has been noted that recovery tends to be faster, the patient has a better appetite, and stools are firmer, when compared to cases relying purely on conventional treatment. We can also look at the diversity of one’s gut before the transplant and after, which is often done in cases of antibiotic resistance. 1-2 weeks post transplant seems to be the typical length of time for normal healthy gut balance to be restored. What might affect the effectiveness of FMT? Of course, as with any treatment or therapy, there are factors at play that may affect how effective the results of the planned treatment are. Factors which may may FMT less effective include: Quality of the donor sample Quality of screening and filtration of the sample The type of condition being treated, and how severe it is. Method of administration; it is not currently known if the
Intolerances are one of the hottest topics here at My Pet Nutritionist! We see a huge number of itchy dogs, many with intolerances and general inflammation. Inflammation can cause many more health problem in both us and our pets, but what causes it? It can be very tricky to work out the underlying cause of inflammation, so reviewing the diet may be a great first step! In this blog post, we look at the difference between allergies and intolerances, and their link to inflammation in the body. Intolerance vs Allergy The terms ‘intolerance’ and ‘allergy’ are not interchangeable – something many pet owners don’t realise! While both conditions have similar symptoms, the clinical mechanism of disease is very different! One is curable, the other is not. Let’s take a look at each in turn. Intolerances are a histamine response to a stimulus caused by poor gut health. Intolerances can be helped or even cured through the use of gut health supplements such as our popular supplement Gut Guardian. When the gut integrity is compromised, food particles leak from the gut and into the bloodstream where they are detected and recognised as foreign bodies. When the body recognises a foreign body it will either release a specific antibody (in the presence of a chemical compound called histamine which helps the immune system fight infection, and causes the typical reaction symptoms you see in those with an allergy or intolerance. Healing the gut goes a long way in the reduction of intolerances, and often in the cure! Allergies are not curable. These are caused by a malfunction of the immune system; whereby the allergen causes severe reactions. True allergic reactions range from skin rashes and digestive issues to anaphylactic shock. Allergies can cause death, whereas intolerances cannot. Once an allergen is discovered, it is important not to feed this as part of the pet’s diet. Findings Here What is Inflammation? In order to understand the link between intolerances and inflammation, it is important to know exactly what inflammation in the body really is, and where it can happen. Inflammation is part of the body’s immune response. It can happen following trauma, during infection, due to an autoimmune condition whereby the immune system attacks the itself, due to exposure to toxins and hazardous substances like flea treatments, and also in the presence of a foreign body, be it food particles leaking from an unstable gut wall, or a physical object inside the pet. Outwardly, it is characterised by swelling, redness, heat, pain when touched, and even loss of use of the body part it is present on. When inflammation occurs outwardly, it is easy for us to see it, and help the pet, however when it is internal inflammation, it’s not visible to the naked eye which makes it far trickier to deal with! In the presence of a trigger for inflammation, specialised molecules are released by the immune system, which causes an increase in blood flow to the affected area, which causes the blood vessels to leak. This increased blood flow teamed with the leaky blood vessels is the transport system for immune cells to reach the area in an attempt to fix the problem. In pets with intolerances, we often deal with internal chronic inflammation which is more long term, and this constant rush of immune cells to these areas can cause deterioration in previously healthy tissues. Inflammation in the body is not a good thing – it’s something we want to aim to reduce or keep at bay entirely. Inflammation can cause major pain, gastrointestinal, digestive and heart issues, and can also reduce the mental health of the pet, as well as cognitive capabilities. Many pet owners mistakenly assume inflammation is always visible, and can only happen on the outside of the body. Internally, inflammation can occur throughout the body! From brain to gut, inflammation can happen. When it comes to food intolerances, the direct link with inflammation is via the gut, however this then impacts other parts of the body, which we will discuss next! Findings Here The Link Between Intolerances and Inflammation So, is there a link between intolerances and inflammation? The short answer is ‘yes’! Let’s take a deeper dive into this link. As we have previously mentioned, symptoms often associated with inflammation can vary massively both internally and externally. In terms of inflammation, the outward signs of inflammation are: Itching Skin redness Hair loss Chronic ear infections (these are caused by intense swelling in the inner ear) Visible swelling Vomiting Diarrhoea Food intolerances can be traumatic for the body, which means inflammation occurs throughout the body, starting from the gut. Due to the series of gut axes (including the gut-brain axis, the gut-joint axis and the gut-skin axis), inflammation in the gut, indirectly causes inflammation in these other parts of the body, so a pet with intolerances can truly have their whole body affected! When the body detects what it thinks are ‘foreign bodies’ in the form of leaked food particles, the immune system send lots of histamines to the area, which means their transport system (blood) rushes to the affected area quickly, causing the inflammation. The knock on effect of this inflammation in the gut is seen as trauma in other body parts, and so the immune system rushes more blood to these areas too, which again creates inflammation. The initial inflammation, or direct inflammation, caused by food intolerances is called mucosal inflammation, which is inflammation of the mucosal lining of the digestive tract. Findings Here Findings Here How Can We Reduce Inflammation Caused By Food Intolerances? There are a number of things we can do to help reduce inflammation due to food intolerances, but ultimately helping the root cause will be the most beneficial pathway. You will find a link to our consultations at the end of this blog post; booking one of these would be incredibly beneficial for you and your pet if they suffer with intolerances you can’t get control of.
Here at My Pet Nutritionist, we often have queries regarding health and it’s relation to behaviour. The vast majority of reputable behavioural professionals will refer you to a vet and or nutrition specialist such as us in the event of behavioural issues. With strong links between nutrition, health and behaviour, your pet’s diet and wellness regime is important to take into consideration when battling a behavioural issue, or preventing them. Read on to find out how health and nutrition affects behaviour. Microbiome The gut microbiome consists of various good and bad bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. These pathogens can be split into the ‘good guys’ (good bacteria), and ‘bad guys’ (the rest!), however in a healthy gut microbiome, the good guys outweigh the bad guys, which keeps potential disease at bay. When the balance of microorganisms in the gut is off, the bad guys take over and disease occurs, as well as behavioural problems. The gut is directly linked to behaviour via the gut-brain axis. This is a pathway, which is one of a series of pathways/axis linking parts of the body to the gut, which connects the gut and the brain. If gut health is poor, brain health is poor. A dog with behavioural issues such as anxiety can display gut issues such as diarrhoea. These are the common gut health problems which contribute to behavioural difficulties: SIBO (Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth) happens when the small intestine has too much bad bacteria from the large intestine, which overtakes the good bacteria. This poor balance in the microbiome plays a part in disruption of the endocrine system and can impact the production of neurotransmitters, often leading to anxiety, aggression and the inability to settle. Dysbiosis is different to SIBO, and is a total imbalance in gut microbes, including bacteria, viruses and fungi. This total imbalance of the gut can be caused through diet, antibiotic usage, stress (a direct link through the gut-brain axis) and other common lifestyle practices. Similarly to those with SIBO, this imbalance causes neurotransmitter disruption such as Serotonin and GABA, as well as increased inflammation throughout the body, and reduced immune system function. Dysbiosis can cause physical discomfort in the gut too which links to behavioural issues which we will discuss later in this blog. Anxiety, mood changes and aggression are commonly seen in dogs with dysbiosis. Serotonin and Gaba Disruption contributes to many behavioural issues. These hormones are important neurotransmitters. GABA reduces neuronal excitability which has calming effects on the dog when facing a fight-or-flight situation. Serotonin plays a part in mood regulation, circadian rhythm, digestive capabilities and also wound healing. Dogs suffering imbalances in the gut microbiome will often face GABA and Serotonin disruption, leading to various behavioural difficulties including anxiety, low mood, and difficulties regulating a sleep pattern. Leaky Gut often occurs as a result of a diet high in lectin, the use of pest control medications, vaccinations and other drugs. Leaky Gut is when small channels appear between the cells in the gut wall, which enables pathogens and food particles to leak from the gut. Oftentimes, those with leaky gut experience food intolerances as the body recognises leaked particles as foreign bodies, initiating a histamine response. As microbiota from the gut also leaks, the gut microbiome is affected, which in turn affects behaviour. Findings Here Findings Here Findings Here Findings Here Findings Here Genetic Mutations Behavioural issues can very much be linked back to your pet’s lineage. A great way to look at this concept, is by looking at a working dog’s ‘job’. Generations of border collie partaking in shepherding work for example, or dachshunds going down rabbit holes on their walks; these are behaviours passed on through genetics. Undesirable behaviours can also pass on through generations via genetics. While behaviours are often passed on genetically, even in those bred without a history of behavioural issues, offspring may have genetically derived behavioural issues due to single gene mutations which affect nervous system and brain development. These dogs typically display anxiety, low mood and aggression. Owners of those affected by genetic mutations should focus on correct socialisation, invest in professional help (learn how to find your ideal trainers here!) and exposure to negative experiences should be limited. Findings Here Findings Here Findings Here Vitamin & Mineral Deficiency Some behavioural problems can be associated with certain vitamin and mineral deficiencies. When it comes to vitamin deficiencies, the most common vitamin deficiency seen in those with behavioural problems is the B vitamins. The main B vitamins in question when looking at behaviour, are B1, B6 and B12; these play crucial roles in neurotransmitter production, and also contribute to brain health. Due to a reduction in neurotransmitter production, a negative change in mood, increased anxiety, and increased general irritability can often be as a result of low B vitamins. Vitamin D is heavily involved in the health of neurotransmitter pathways; so naturally without a healthy pathway for neurotransmitters to travel, behavioural issues can occur. This vitamin can also have an effect on behaviour due to a deficiency causing muscle weakness and bone pain which consequently causes general restlessness and often a depressive state. When looking at mineral deficiencies, there are three standout minerals commonly seen in those with behavioural issues; zinc, magnesium, and iron. Both zinc and magnesium deficiencies present behaviourally as general restlessness and hyperactivity, as well as behavioural concerns as a result of skin problems often seen in dogs lacking these minerals. Zinc is essential for the balance of neurotransmitters, and all around brain function. Magnesium is involved in neurotransmitter regulation. Iron can cause dogs to become lethargic and display associated behaviours. Findings Here Findings Here Findings Here Findings Here Protein Deficiency There are two key nutrients involved in the link between behaviour and protein deficiency; Tryptophan and Tyrosine. These are both essential Amino Acids that are sought through the protein component of the diet. In those lacking enough protein, or that have poor quality protein in their diet, tryptophan and tyrosine supplies will
The gallbladder is an important organ in every mammalian body. Here at My Pet Nutritionist, we look at pet health from a holistic perspective; thus meaning we take into consideration the ‘full picture’. We look at individual organ health as part of this holistic approach, so this blog post focusses on the Gallbladder, and how we can support it for optimum health. We will discuss what the gallbladder does, common problems we see in clinic related to poor gallbladder health, and what we can do to support it. The Gallbladder The gallbladder is one of the smallest organs in the body. With it’s pear-shaped appearance, it can be found tucked just underneath the liver, nestled between two of the liver’s lobes. In dogs, the gallbladder sits between the right medial lobe, and the quadrate lobe (the slight depression in which it sits, is known as a ‘fossa’), whereas in cats it is located between two parts of the right medial lobe. A healthy gallbladder has a thin and smooth wall. Findings Here The digestive system requires this extremely important organ to be able to function correctly. The liver produces bile; a yellowish alkaline substance which aids the neutralisation of the acidic contents of a stomach after eating, in order to protect the lining of the small intestine. Bile is essential in the break down of fats in the small intestine, and also helps the body absorb nutrients. Once produced by the liver, bile has to be stored somewhere; this is where the gallbladder steps in! Bile is concentrated by, and stored in the gallbladder. When fats, oils and protein enter the small intestine, a hormone called Cholecystokinin is released, which triggers contraction of the gallbladder, which subsequently releases bile into the small intestine to aid digestion. Common Gallbladder Problems We see pets with varying degrees of gallbladder problems from time to time, which can have an enormous impact on digestive health, and therefore on general health and wellbeing. One of the major signs of an issue with the gallbladder, is jaundice. The clinical presentation of jaundice is yellowing to the skin and whites of the eyes. This can be tricky to spot in our furry pets, so regularly parting the fur to check skin colour, checking gums and insides of lips, and checking eye colour is recommended as a part of your standard husbandry regime. If you or your veterinarian suspect a gallbladder problem in your pet, they will most likely take a blood sample to run a full blood panel to check the relevant substance levels such as neutrophils and albumin. An ultrasound scan is commonly used in diagnostic testing for suspected gallbladder disease, and cytology and cultures can be run using bile aspirate samples. Biliary Sludge: this is a disease whereby a substance with sludge-like consistency forms in the gallbladder. Older pets are at higher risk of biliary sludge, and the number of pets being diagnosed with it is on the rise, largely down to advancements in ultrasonography. Little is understood on the cause of biliary sludge, but it is typically treated with a low fat diet, and some hormone regulatory drugs such as SAMe, or bile therapy drugs such as ursodeoxycholic acid. In rare occasions where the gallbladder is completely full or blocked, a surgery called a Cholecystectomy is often required, which involves removal of the gallbladder. Findings Here Findings Here Hypoalbuminemia: this condition is diagnosed when the detected levels of albumin, a protein made by the liver and makes up around half of a healthy pet’s blood plasma, are abnormally low. In both pets and humans, hypoalbuminemia leads to the thickening of the gallbladder wall. A thickening of the wall leaves the pet vulnerable to further gallbladder disease. There are many causes of low blood albumin levels, so in order to treat it your veterinarian will perform tests necessary to diagnose the underlying cause, and will treat the resulting diagnosis. Findings Here Findings Here Hepatobiliary Disease: there are numerous conditions that fit under the ‘umbrella’ of Hepatobiliary Disease; these are conditions that effect the liver, gallbladder, and bile ducts; collectively known as the ‘biliary system’. Hepatobiliary Diseases can be caused by viral, fungal and bacterial infections causing liver inflammation, toxin exposure to the liver (including some medications), genetic predisposition, diabetes, cancer, trauma to the liver, and metabolic disorder. Symptoms range from jaundice to lethargy, vomiting and diarrhoea, frequent urination (polyuria) and drinking (polydipsia), abdominal pain, and seizures depending on the underlying condition. Bile acid concentrations over 25-30 umol/L in dogs, and over 25 umol/L in cats is indicative of Hepatobiliary Disease. Findings Here Cholecystitis: usually caused by bacterial infection, cholecystitis presents as inflammation of the gallbladder. There are two pathways of entry for bacteria into the gallbladder; via the bile ducts from the liver, or directly via the bloodstream. Cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder) isn’t always as a result of bacterial infection. Sometimes it is caused by trauma to the area, as a result of gallstones/blocked duct, or due to a tumour. From a pet with cholecystitis you can expect lethargy, jaundice, loss of appetite, vomiting and diarrhoea, increased thirst and urination, abdominal pain (adopting the ‘downward dog’ position in dogs, reduced willingness to move and a hunched over position in cats), weak but fast pulse, and pale gums. Diagnosis includes blood testing to show how the gallbladder is functioning, and check for infection markers. X-rays or ultrasound will also be carried out to show any inflammation, and a bile analysis may be carried out. Treatment for this condition may be partly carried out at home, and partly at the vet. The vet may admit your pet to undergo IV fluid treatment to increase electrolytes, and may also carry out a cholecystectomy (removal of the gallbladder) in more severe cases, where infection has caused necrosis. Treatment at home may include a Vitamin K1 supplement, antibiotics, and pain medication. If you suspect this in your pet, contact your veterinarian immediately, as early diagnosis is essential. Findings
Here at My Pet Nutritionist, we know that a healthy gut microbiome is the most important aspect to keeping your dog healthy all round! There is so much to learn about the gut microbiome – what it really is, what it consists of, what other parts of the body it interacts with, and what happens when it’s not in tip top condition. Many of our readers will notice that most of our blogs mention the microbiome, so this blog post is a full round up of everything gut microbiome related, in one easy read! What is the Gut Microbiome? Every dog has a gut microbiome. It’s one of the most important parts of your dog in terms of digestion and overall health, from joints to skin, to the brain and immunity. The microbiome is a community of microbes, including good and bad bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The gut microbiome is very carefully balanced. Some of the microbes found in a healthy gut microbiome are ones we would typically class as ‘bad’ which have health conditions associated with them, including bad bacteria such as Salmonella, and Clostridia. Viruses and Fungi are typically classed as ‘bad’ microbes too, but are still part of a healthy microbiome. Good bacteria such as Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Enterococcus are all found in abundance in the healthy canine gut microbiome – these beneficial bacteria are found in high enough numbers to outweigh the negative impact of the bad microbes found in the gut. A healthy gut microbiome means the ‘good guys’ outweigh the ‘bad guys’. Health problems begin to emerge when the gut microbiome is knocked out of balance, allowing for gut dysbiosis to occur. Gut dysbiosis can lead to a host of health problems including reduced skin and joint health, increased digestive issues, and prominent or mild negative behavioural changes. Findings Here Findings Here Interactions Between the Gut Microbiome and the Rest of the Body The health of the gut microbiome is a huge part of overall health – but why is this? You may be wondering how gut health could impact so many other parts of the body, so let’s take a closer look at these! We can look at the gut as a ‘roundabout’. Roundabouts have multiple exits – these ‘exits’ stemming from the gut are collectively called Axes; and these link to other parts of the body to form a two-way pathway/link from the gut. The main axes are: The Gut-Skin Axis: this pathway connects the gut to the skin, and the skin to the gut. If we start at the gut and work our way to the skin, we can see that poor gut health can cause or exacerbate skin conditions. Going to other way; from skin to gut, we unfortunately have the risk of gut microbiome damage caused by external exposure to toxins, whether they’re from laundry detergents, household cleaning products, external flea and tick medications, or other environmental toxins. The Gut-Joint Axis: this pathway connects the gut to the musculoskeletal system, and the musculoskeletal system to the gut. An imbalance in the gut microbiome can be connected to poor joint health, especially in cases of osteoarthritis due to the increase in inflammation around the joints. In a poorly balanced gut, there is often an increased risk of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory metabolites being produced, which are the main cause of poor joint health in dogs. The Gut-Brain Axis: this is the bidirectional pathway between the brain and the gut. This pathway has connections both physically, and chemically. In terms of physical connections, the Vagus Nerve is the main avenue for carrying signals between the two locations. Chemically, the healthy gut produces neurotransmitters and hormones, which move between the brain and gut. Mood, response to stress, and digestion are three of the main roles of the gut-brain axis. It is also important to note that around 70-80% of the immune system is found in the gut! Keeping the gut microbiome healthy, and perfectly balanced means the immune system, and therefore overall health of an individual remains stable. Findings Here Findings Here Findings Here Findings Here What Happens When the Gut Microbiome is Unhealthy? When the Gut Microbiome is unhealthy, a host of health conditions can occur. As previously mentioned, an unhealthy gut microbiome is unbalanced; and this condition is called Gut Dysbiosis. Gut Dysbiosis occurs when the ‘bad microbes’ outweigh the ‘good microbes’. Here’s some health concerns that we see a lot in those with an unhealthy gut microbiome: Food sensitivities: when the gut microbiome is unbalanced, food sensitivities are common due to increased gut permeability; known as Leaky Gut. When the gut integrity is poor, food particles leak into the bloodstream which encourages the body to create an immune response, presenting as food sensitivities. Yeast: yeast cells are naturally present in the gut; they’re called Candida. When Candida is present, and there’s not enough of the good microbes to keep these in check, a yeast infection will often occur. Symptoms include rust coloured paws, ears and groin, cheesy smelling feet, and itching among others. Digestive problems: digestive upset including diarrhoea and vomiting is common in those with an unhealthy gut microbiome, due to the abundance of ‘bad’ microbes and a lack of ‘good’ ones to keep the effects of the bad ones at bay. Many dogs also suffer with Small Intestine Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) which contributes to these symptoms. Bad breath: a lot of owners assume their dog’s bad breath is caused by poor dental hygiene, however this is often not the case. Bad breath can emanate from the gut, in those with poor gut health. When the gut microbiome is unbalanced, the overgrowth of harmful bacteria in the gut results in the production of VSCs; Volatile Sulphur Compounds, which cause bad breath. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): when the gut microbiome is unbalanced, inflammation occurs as a result. This inflammation often leads to chronic inflammatory conditions such as IBD. Other gastrointestinal conditions occur due to this too, however IBD
Dog owners often meet conflicting advice when it comes to their pet’s nutrition. It really can be a minefield! Here at My Pet Nutritionist, we love to have a balanced view on certain aspects of nutrition in order to help pet parents make an informed decision. Starchy vegetables are often both shunned and recommended among pet parents – this blog aims to help you decide if you should feed them to your dog. What Are Starchy Vegetables? How do we define ‘starchy’ in terms of vegetables? Starchy vegetables are those with high complex carbohydrate content. Of this high carbohydrate content, a large proportion is starch. Starch is made of a large number of glucose molecules joined together; known as a polysaccharide. Starchy foods are digested very slowly, providing slow-release energy; not the main source of energy for a dog! We must remember the digestive tract of a dog is much shorter than that of us humans, which means there is less time for digestion to occur. The Nutritional Research Council (NRC) state that dogs do not require a large amount of carbohydrates. Some common examples of starchy vegetables include: Potato Sweet Potato Squash Pumpkin Parsnip Peas Banana watermelon Different vegetables contain different amounts of starch, which each have a differing Glycaemic Index. Keep reading to learn about the Glycaemic Index! The Glycaemic Index When looking at feeding plant matter, whether that’s fruits or vegetables, we suggest looking at the Glycaemic Index (GI). This index is a means of rating how quickly a food containing carbohydrates will raise blood sugar levels/causes a sugar spike. The three categories are: Low GI: foods with very low or no carbohydrate content. These foods will usually digest quickly, and either will not cause a raise in blood sugar levels, or will only raise it slightly, and slowly. Some examples include broccoli, green beans, cucumber, courgette, cabbage, peppers, mushrooms and herbs. Medium GI: foods with a medium amount of carbohydrate. These foods will cause an elevation in blood sugar levels, which will happen at a medium pace. Foods with a medium glycaemic index will generally take a little longer to digest than those with a Low glycaemic index. Examples include berries, apples and pears. High GI: high carbohydrate foods, usually complex carbs; and where our starchy vegetables fit in! These foods will raise blood sugar levels considerably, and quickly. They are also slower to digest. Findings Here Pros of Feeding Starchy Vegetables There are certainly some benefits to feeding some starchy vegetables. The key here is to do so with purpose, and in moderation. Here’s how feeding a small amount of starchy vegetables may benefits some dogs: High fibre digestive aid: most high starch vegetables, are also high in fibre. These are often used as a digestive aid, for those requiring help with bowel movements. Popular vegetables used for this purpose are pumpkin and sweet potato. These are also great options for those recovering from illness – it is relatively easy to digest, and supports gut maintenance. Prebiotic: some high starch vegetables have prebiotic qualities, including pumpkin, sweet potato, apple and banana. Prebiotics benefit the gut microbiome as they act as food for probiotics (the good bacteria in the gut). Source of vitamins and minerals: many starchy vegetables are dense in nutrients. Some of the essential vitamins found in abundance in starchy vegetables are Vitamins A, B6, C, E, and K. Mineral-wise, Beta-carotene and Potassium are often found in large amounts in starchy vegetables. Increased metabolism in low fat diets: some dogs require a low fat diet, whether this is due to being overweight, or having a health condition that requires a low fat diet such as Pancreatitis. Studies suggest that feeding starchy vegetables can lead to increased fat metabolism, as well as bringing anti-oxidative effects, and improving mucosal barrier function and immunomodulation. Increased stamina in active/sport dogs: as starchy vegetables offer a form of slow-release energy, feeding a small portion of these as part of an active, or sport dog’s diet, especially approaching days of high activity, may help to support a healthy stamina. Findings Here Findings Here Findings Here Cons of Feeding Starchy Vegetables As with many aspects of healthcare and nutrition, there are some reasons you may wish not to feed starchy vegetables to your individual dog, or at least heavily limit the amount fed. Here are some reasons owners may decide against feeding such ingredients: Yeast and itching: many itchy dogs cannot have high starch diets due to their high carb content. The sugars in these items can contribute to itchiness, and feed yeast. Yeast loves carbs, so in those who are yeasty or itchy, we advise avoiding these vegetables, and only reintroducing slowly and in small amounts as part of a full elimination diet. Weight gain: when consumed in large amounts, the sugars these starchy vegetables are broken down into can contribute to weight gain. Diabetes/Insulin resistance: when large amounts of starchy vegetables are fed to your dog, frequent blood sugar spikes can lead to insulin resistance. This can result in diabetes, which you can read more about here. Anti-nutrients: previously, we mentioned how nutrient dense many starchy vegetable options are; however alongside these beneficial nutrients, they often contain relatively high amounts of ‘anti nutrients’ – these are nutrients which can interfere with the absorption of other nutrients through various pathways. Some examples of anti-nutrients commonly found in starchy vegetables include Phytic Acid, Lectins, Oxalates, Tannins, and Glucosinolates. Pancreatic stress: those with pancreatitis should be wary of feeding many high starch vegetables, due to the added strain on the pancreas. Starchy vegetables and other starchy food sources can be difficult for the pancreas to process. Changes to pH: in the occasion a pet owner feeds their carnivorous pet a high starch/carbohydrate diet, this can cause a change to their natural pH – this process is called Alkalosis as the body becomes more alkaline. Our carnivores naturally have a more acidic pH to be able to digest their natural, meat based
Here at My Pet Nutritionist, we use a combination of healthy diets tailored to your pet’s needs, alongside beneficial gut-friendly herbs, and nutraceuticals. These supplementary additions often come with hosts of benefits, when used in the correct way, for a specific purpose. We often get asked about the various herbs and nutraceuticals we recommend in various blog posts and in our recipes and supplements – you can learn more about some of these here! What Are Gut Healing Herbs? Herbs high in mucilage are often known as the ‘gut healing herbs’. These herbs are usually considered to be a source of prebiotics – food for probiotics; however these herbs have another very important function when it comes to gut health! Mucilage is a soluble dietary fibre, which produces a mucus-like substance which lines the gut wall. When the gut wall is lined with this slimy textured substance, it forms a protective barrier to reduce the risk of further gut damage, and allow the gut to heal. Inflammation is then reduced due to lack of irritation. Mucilage has a fantastic soothing effect on the digestive tract too – those with acid reflux, or having recovered from illnesses like kennel cough which may cause throat irritation may find a powdered form best, due to the soothing effect of the mucilage in these herbs. As an additional benefit of these popular gut healing herbs, the mucilage can increase digestive performance resulting in better stools; this is due to the mucilage adding bulk to the stool (reducing constipation), aiding water absorption, and increasing gut motility. Some studies also suggest that mucilage rich herbs may reduce the build up of cholesterol, and aid the regulation of blood sugar levels. Frequently used mucilage herbs include slippery elm, marshmallow root, and deglycyrrhizinated liquorice root – we will look closer at these later. Findings Here Findings Here What Are Nutraceuticals? Nutraceuticals are components of foods that bring benefit to health. You may often come across plant based supplements for pets; these are packed full of nutraceuticals! Functional foods are also classed as nutraceuticals. Many nutraceuticals enhance basic nutrition, whereas some provide medicinal properties. Some benefits of using carefully selected nutraceuticals include improved overall health, prevention of chronic disease, increased longevity and all round structural support for the body. The term ‘nutraceutical’ is a combination of the words ‘nutrition’ and ‘pharmaceutical’ – meaning they share the same properties as pharmaceuticals, but are acquired through nutrition Functional herbs, antioxidants, probiotics, vitamins and minerals are all examples of the categories most commonly encountered in the world of pet nutrition. We will delve into these categories in terms of nutraceuticals later. Findings Here Findings Here When Should We Use Gut Healing Herbs and Nutraceuticals? A question we often hear at My Pet Nutritionist, is “should we be giving any supplements?” – and our answer is always “if your pet could benefit from a carefully selected supplement, then absolutely!”. It is important not to needlessly add lots of different nutraceuticals and gut healing herbs to your dog’s diet, unless they require/could benefit from it. When it comes to giving mucilage herbs, these can be incredibly beneficial in situations where gut damage is apparent. Situations a mucilage herb may be beneficial include: Allergies: due to an immune malfunction Intolerances: due to gut damage or leaky gut syndrome Following vaccines, worm or flesa treatment: these products are very damaging on the gut, so gut healing may be necessary. Acid reflux: soothes the digestive tract and reduces the risk of acid reflux Upset stomach or constipation: these herbs help to rectify loose or solid stools when needed. Great to have in the first aid cupboard! When looking at nutraceuticals, we need to look at the symptoms your dog or cat is displaying, alongside gaining a diagnosis from your veterinarian. Some types of illnesses you may use nutraceuticals for include: Joint issues Skin issues Digestive issues Cognitive health issues (anxiety etc) Vision issues As brilliant as nutraceuticals can be as part of your pet’s health regime, many do come with some contraindications with pharmaceuticals your pet may need. Contraindications are negative interactions with drugs – these interactions can often cause downregulation of the drugs themselves, leaving your pet vulnerable to disease progression. An example of this is curcumin – the active compound in turmeric. It is fantastic for joint support/arthritis, cardiovascular function, reducing inflammation, eradicating free radicals, immune support, cognitive ability and cancer prevention. The reduction in pain in those who take curcumin is vast; however some individuals may require pain pharmaceutical pain relief for their condition. Curcumin is known to downregulate the effects of some pharmaceutical analgesics, as well as various other drugs. It is always best to check with your veterinarian before starting a new nutraceutical, if your pet is on pharmaceutical drugs. Findings Here Findings Here Popular Gut Healing Herbs The three most popular gut healing herbs can all be found inside our Gut Guardian supplement, along with probiotics and chamomile. Lets take a closer look at these mucilage herbs! Marshmallow Root: this is a sweet smelling and tasting herb derived from the Althaea officinalis plant. When combined with water, it immediately forms a thick, slimy substance due to it’s high mucilage content. Traditionally, marshmallow root is used in cases of digestive or respiratory issues, and also topically to soothe skin issues. As well as being high in mucilage, it also contains high amounts of antioxidants, anti-inflammatory properties, and antibacterial properties. slippery elm: like marshmallow root, slippery elm produces a slimy substance when combined with water. It originates from the inner bark of the slippery elm tree (Ulmus rubra), and is often used to treat digestive issues, and sore throats by lining the oesophagus. DGL (deglycyrrhizinated liquorice): this herb increases mucous production in the body, which helps line the stomach, reducing the risk of harm caused by acid. DGL is thought to have properties to treat ulcers too! Findings Here Findings Here Findings Here Popular Nutraceuticals There are many nutraceuticals used in the
In part two of our focus on the diet of a senior dog, we will look further into some specific nutritional categories bringing fantastic health benefits to your senior dog. We will also go through our recommendations on what to feed your senior pet, including specific nutrients and supplements you may wish to consider! Read Part 1 here! Specific Beneficial Nutrients There are a number of macro- and micronutrient categories senior dogs would benefit greatly from to slow the ageing process down, and reduce age-related inflammation. The two main categories to analyse here are Antioxidants, and Omega Fatty Acids. Antioxidants: these are one of the most important categories of nutrients to feed your senior dog (and are highly beneficial at any age!) due to their action against oxidative stress. As dogs age, oxidative stress becomes more proliferative; it’s a natural part of ageing! Oxidative stress is caused by ‘free radicals’ – unstable oxygen molecules missing an electron. Free radicals damage all parts of the body from organs to joints, causing joint degeneration, cancer, altering DNA, neurodegenerative diseases, adverse alteration of fats and proteins, and other diseases like diabetes, so it is incredibly important to combat these cells as best you can. Antioxidants tackle and remove free radicals from the body, leading to less oxidative stress, and therefore slower ageing. Some excellent sources to think about including in your senior dog’s diet include blueberries, strawberries, artichoke, goji berries, red cabbage, kale, ginger, spinach, parsley, pecans (in small amounts due to fat content), fresh garlic (avoid in Japanese breeds) and rosemary (avoid in epileptic dogs). Omegas Fatty Acids: this group of fats are another incredibly important category of nutrients to include in your senior dog’s diet, specifically Omega 3. The two ‘main’ omega fatty acids are Omega 3 and 6 – both are essential. Omega 9 is present in the diet too, but doesn’t add as many benefits to the dog’s health as Omegas 3 and 6. Omega 6 fatty acids called Linolenic Acid (LA) and Arachidonic Acid (ARA) are inherently inflammatory. The only non-inflammatory Omega 6 is Gamma-linolenic Acid (GLA). Omega 6 brings many benefits to the health of the dog despite it’s inflammatory properties, including control of hormones, however as it is naturally in abundance in our carnivorous pets’ meat based diet, we need to balance the inflammation out! This is where Omega 3 comes in! Omega 3 includes Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA), Alpha-linolenic Acid (ALA) and Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA), and is inherently anti-inflammatory. The anti-inflammatory properties of Omega 3 Fatty Acids balance out the inflammation caused by Omega 6 Fatty Acids. EPA is the main inflammation reducer, while ALA aids immune and heart health, and DHA aids cognitive health and development. Some excellent sources of Omega 3 to include in your dog’s diet include fatty fish and fish oils, algal oil, flax and chia seed, oysters and eggs. You can read more about choosing an omega supplement for your pet here! Findings Here Findings Here Findings Here What Type of Food Should I Feed? The dog food market really is a minefield! There are many options of different food types, each claiming to be the best! Our ethos here at My Pet Nutritionist is to feed as fresh food as possible! Minimal processing is a major factor in healthy ageing and longevity. In this article, we are going to take a closer look at dry food, fresh cooked food, and raw food. Dry food is not a diet we would generally recommend, especially not for a senior dog! But why? High carb: carbohydrates can have an inflammatory effect on our pets. Dry foods are typically between 30 and 60% carbohydrate – sometimes even higher! Manufacturing process: these foods undergo a huge amount of processing. During the cycle of production from raw ingredient to bag, these foods are subject to up to 4 separate high-heat processes, each time reducing nutritional quality. Synthetic vitamins and minerals: our senior dogs may not be able to utilise the synthetic vitamins and minerals often sprayed onto the dry food at the end of the manufacturing process, deeming them useless. Glyphosate: due to the extreme manufacturing process, glyphosate production occurs. This is the main ingredient effective against killing weeds, but it is linked with cancer and damage of the gut microbiome. Mycotoxins and Aflatoxins: mycotoxins are chemical compounds caused by mould and can lead to vomiting and seizures. Aflatoxins are also caused by mould in food and can lead to cancer and liver damage. Storage mites: before bagging, dry foods are often stored in large hoppers – and even after bagging, the shelf life is very long, encouraging storage mites which can trigger allergies. Advanced Glycation End Products: shortened to AGEs, these harmful chemical compounds are produced during manufacturing, and a linked to cancers, inflammation, oxidative stress and premature ageing. Why do we advocate for a fresh cooked, or raw diet? Which is best for senior dogs? Fresh food is minimally processed, meaning the harmful compounds listed above do not form, reducing the risk of inflammation, oxidative stress and other disease in the body. As the ingredients are still in their whole, natural form they are nutrient dense, and provide the body with excellent nutrition! Another major benefit to fresh food, is that it is high in moisture – moisture in the diet is essential for kidney and gut health, both of which are known to worsen during the ageing process! As the gut motility of senior dogs can reduce, and other changes in the gut naturally occur, many seniors cope best with fresh cooked food as opposed to raw food – though some do still tolerate raw food! We have an extensive array of well formulated and balanced meal recipes for dogs on our website! Our Recommendations There are various aspects of diet we actively encourage owners of senior dogs to include in their dog’s feeding regime. Some may benefit from a more tailored 1-2-1 approach with one of our consultants, however our general
Here at My Pet Nutritionist, we help pet owners help their beloved dogs and cats with all aspects of health and nutrition. Those we consult for include all ages, from puppyhood right through to old age. Our golden oldies deserve just as much love and care as their younger counterparts! As a dog ages, their dietary needs may change – but how? In this bumper 2-part blog, we take a look at the dietary changes your senior dog may need to stay happy, healthy and pain free! Is My Dog a Senior? This is a question we here ever so frequently! Is your dog a senior? Is there a specific age your dog becomes a ‘senior’? what are the signs your dog is becoming a senior? Many processed dog food manufacturers will class a senior dog as ‘7 years plus’ – however we know there are so many contributing factors to a dog becoming a ‘senior’, and this isn’t always at 7 years of age! Factors affecting a dog’s ageing include: Breed: generally speaking, larger breeds will hit their senior years far earlier than smaller breeds. Breeds with predispositions to health conditions may also reach senior years earlier than those without. Genetics: a dog’s family genetics/history can affect the age they reach senior years. Medical history: if your pet has had any health complications growing up, any medical reactions, infections etc, these may cause senior years to come sooner. A dog’s neutering status, or the time they were neutered may also contribute to ageing. Dietary History: a dog fed a gut-friendly diet, full of natural nutrients, with minimal processing for life is more likely to reach senior years later than those fed an ultra-processed diet full of synthetic micronutrients. Ultra-processed dry foods also tend to have a high content of pro-ageing substances called Advanced Glycation End-Products (AGEs) which cause faster ageing. Exposure to toxins: toxin exposure can cause disruption in the endocrine (hormone) system, and cause gut stress which usually comes hand in hand with life shortening conditions, causing senior years to approach quickly. These toxins can be anything from flea and worm medications to environmental toxins both in the home and out and about. Behavioural History: even your dog’s behaviour can have an effect on longevity! This may seem like an odd link, but behavioural stress can have an effect on physical stress, and vice versa. The pathway between the brain and gut, known as the gut-brain axis is at play here! Physical stress on the body, caused by behavioural stress, will speed up the process of ageing. Signs that your dog is entering their senior years include: Weight loss Reduced hearing Reduce eyesight Increased fatigue Less willingness to exercise Reduced cognitive ability Stiffness Reduced appetite Increased water consumption Development of lumps and bumps Lack of balance and stability. Of course, as your dog enters the early staged of senior-hood, these symptoms may be mild, and your dog may only display a few. As your dog progresses through their senior years, more symptoms may appear, or existing symptoms may worsen. Nutritional Needs of a Senior Dog As your dog ages, various changes occur throughout their body which require some nutritional tweaks to ensure optimum health continues. These changes include various internal systems in the body such as: Gut health: the gut of an ageing dog can be subject to various changes affecting gut motility, nutrient absorption and processing. Digestive capabilities often occur due to gut degeneration. Brain health: ageing canines are often subject to cognitive decline. Joint health: one of the major pathways from the gut is the gut-joint axis. When the senior dog’s gut is compromised, joint conditions can become more prominent. Senior dogs generally require more joint support than younger dogs. Dental Health: dental conditions like gingivitis, tooth decay, periodontal disease, tooth fractures and tooth resorption are often seen in older dogs. Kidney Health: kidney disease is one of the more common age-related diseases we often hear about here at My Pet Nutritionist, as older dogs are more susceptible to Chronic Kidney Disease; a progressive disease. Heart Health: as the heart is a muscle, over time it can begin to fatigue. Statistically, around 75% of senior dogs suffer some sort of heart disease! Findings Here Findings Here Findings Here Findings Here When it comes to nutritional composition, we need to look closely at the macronutrients and micronutrients in your dog’s diet; both quantities of, and types/sources of. Macronutrients are the main nutrients our bodies require in larger amounts; let’s take a look these requirements for a senior dog: Protein: The building blocks of protein are called Amino Acids. Amino Acids are essential for pretty much everything in the body to form and function normally, including muscles, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, hair, nails and skin. Protein is also used in the endocrine system, to enable the healthy production of hormones throughout the body. As the dog ages, protein deficiencies become more common, which can lead to absorption issues and muscle degradation which ultimately affects mobility. A meat based, moderate-high protein diet is advisable for senior dogs. Fat: as dogs become less active due to the natural ageing process, a low fat diet may be advisable. Feeding a high fat diet when activity levels are waning may cause weight gain which puts pressure on joints and other parts of the body. The type of fat included in the diet also makes a difference! Saturated fats are the type we ideally do not want much of, however Omega 3 Fatty Acids are known for their anti-inflammatory properties, and are an important part of s senior dog’s diet! More on this later. Carbohydrate: ‘complex’ carbs which are high in fibre may be a great addition to your pet’s diet, to improve digestion, regulate metabolism and help maintain the immune and nervous systems. Higher fibre carbohydrate options include kale, broccoli and leafy green vegetables. Other ‘complex’ carbs that are ok to be fed in small amounts include sweet potato, pumpkin, banana, berries
Here at My Pet Nutritionist, we consult for a huge number of families with an enormous variety of health concerns in their pets. Once diagnosed by a veterinarian, our packages aim to support your pet with a more natural view. One of the conditions we are asked about a lot, is Hypophosphatemia. This is a condition that occurs in both dogs and cats, so this blog may be a handy read for both owners of cats and dogs. Hypophosphatemia is the clinical term for low phosphorous levels being present in the blood. This condition is far more common in dogs than it is in cats. Hypophosphatemia is associated with a host of other health conditions, and can cause a variety of health conditions in itself. Some of the conditions commonly caused by Hypophosphatemia include: Bone Diseases: Rickets is a bone disease often caused by low phosphorous levels, and is specifically a bone growth disease – it ultimately causes bone softening to occur, as well as deformities, especially in puppies and kittens! Another common bone disease caused by Hypophosphatemia is Osteomalacia which is a very similar bone softening disease, but found more commonly in adults. Muscle Weakness: muscles may become weaker, and the pet may become more physically unstable, and may appear slimmer with little muscle tone. Respiratory problems: in rare, severe cases, respiratory issues can occur as a result of low blood phosphorous. Heart Failure: another rare condition to come of low phosphorous levels, in the more severe cases. Seizures: again, while rare, seizures can occur as a direct result of severe Hypophosphatemia. Findings Here Findings Here Symptoms and Causes The clinical presentation of Hypophosphatemia changes depending on the severity of the deficiency in your pet. The trickier side of these symptoms, is that they are common in a variety of health issues, not just Hypophosphatemia! This can make diagnosis more difficult. If your pet has mild Hypophosphatemia, you can expect to see some of, or all of the following symptoms: Muscle weakness: a change in gait, difficulty climbing stairs, weakness when getting up from a bed or laying position, or difficulty standing for long periods. Reduced, or total loss of appetite: pets may have a reduced appetite, or stop eating all together. Lethargy: unwillingness to be active for usual periods of time. Pets may be less alert. Disorientation: leaning or wobbling when standing may occur Findings Here If your pet has severe Hypophosphatemia, you may see the above symptoms, as well as some of the following: Seizures: neurological activity can occur due to the lack of phosphorous in the blood. Ataxia: loss of coordination is another possible neurological symptom often seen in those with a severe deficiency of phosphorous in the blood. Constipation: this can occur due to paralysis of the intestines, meaning faecal matter cannot be pushed through the digestive system in order to be expelled. This condition is called Ileus. Irregular Heartbeat: arrythmias can be detected by your vet using a stethoscope. This is a symptom of severe blood phosphorous deficiency. Haemolytic anaemia and Haemolysis: abnormalities in red blood cell counts during bloodwork may show red blood cell destruction. These conditions are a symptom of severe Hypophosphatemia. Breathing difficulties: these often come hand in hand with heart conditions, and are a symptom of Hypophosphatemia. Findings Here When we look into the possible causes of Hypophosphatemia, there are a number of possible reasons for it’s onset. Let’s take a look at them: Dietary Deficiencies: if the pet’s diet is lacking in phosphorous, hypophosphatemia is a risk. This may be found in those fed a poor quality diet. Renal Disease: disease in the kidneys can cause hypophosphatemia through two pathways – increased excretion of phosphorous in urine, and reduced ability to reabsorb phosphorous in the kidneys. Hyperparathyroidism: when the parathyroid gland (which is involved in the calcium:phosphorous ratio) is overactive, phosphorous loss is increased. Cushing’s Disease (Hyperadrenocorticism): phosphorous imbalances are common in those with Cushing’s Disease. Fatty Liver Disease (Hepatic Lipidosis): this disease in cats is a contributor to phosphorous loss. Diabetic Ketoacidosis: severe phosphorous loss can be caused by this condition which occurs as a result of complications in diabetic animals. Poor Intestinal Absorption: in those with poor gut health, absorption of phosphorous in the gut can cause deficiencies. Phosphorous Redistribution: deficiencies in phosphorous occur when there is a shift from extracellular fluid (the blood) to intracellular fluid (the cells in the body) Specific Intravenous Therapies: some IV fluids can cause a reduction in phosphorous in the blood. Findings Here Findings Here Findings Here Diagnosis Diagnosis of Hypophosphatemia is a simple process. Your veterinarian will take a blood sample, and analyse it. The test is called a ‘Serum Phosphate Test’. Once this analysis is complete, your vet will inform you as to whether your pet’s phosphorous levels are within the ‘normal’ range of results. Findings Here Conventional Treatment When it comes to treatment your vet may offer, they will first and foremost look at underlying causes. Each individual cause will have a different treatment plan, so it is important to work with your vet on these. Depending on the severity of your pet’s Hypophosphatemia, phosphorous supplementation will be advised. More severe cases may have phosphorous supplementation intravenously, but most cases will be advised to give oral supplements. Some veterinarians will also advise on changing your pet’s diet to one with extra phosphorous. Frequent check ups will be carried out by your veterinary team to keep an eye on your pet’s blood phosphorous levels. Findings Here Findings Here A Natural Approach to Hypophosphatemia As always, our approach is often supported by veterinary care, so we tend to look at this as a complementary approach as opposed to alternative. Here are some of our considerations: Feed fresh: Poor dry food will most likely be lacking in various micronutrients despite its ‘complete and balanced’ label. Nutrient levels may be affected due to the numerous periods of exposure to high heat and the subsequent nutrient loss. Synthetic nutrients are often sprayed
