Sadly anxiety is as common in dogs as it is in humans. Anxiety is one of the body’s normal responses to stress; the problem is that our stress response hasn’t evolved with modern life and both us and our dogs can often feel overwhelmed. Alongside behavioural support for our anxious dog, we can look to support their stress response system from a nutritional standpoint. Let’s take a look at 5 of our top nutrients to support anxious dogs. 1. Omega 3 Fatty Acids Omega-3’s, in particular DHA, play critical neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory roles in the brain. Supplementation of omega-3 has been seen to: – Improve cognitive function Findings here – Reduce anxious symptoms Findings here – Reduce aggressive behaviours Findings here – Reduced stress-related hormone production Findings here What’s also super interesting is that omega-3 levels are regularly noted as being low in aggressive dogs. This isn’t indicating causation, simply an observation worth noting. Great sources of omega-3 fatty acids: Mackerel Salmon Sardines 2. Magnesium Often noted as the ultimate chill pill, magnesium is an essential nutrient that many are deficient in. Its low levels are regularly established in cases of depression in humans, so it is clear it plays a role in mood modulation and the stress response. Magnesium affects a number of neurotransmitter systems. Firstly, it inhibits excitatory neurotransmitters. Excessive excitation can lead to the death of brain cells, which affects the overall structure and functioning of the brain. Magnesium also acts as a cofactor in the serotonergic system. As we know serotonin is the happy chemical, and low levels of magnesium are regularly linked to low serotonin levels. Not only that, but magnesium excretion is increased during times of stress. Catecholamines and corticosteroids enhance the shift of magnesium from inside the cell to outside of the cell leading to increased urinary excretion. In turn, low magnesium levels increase the release of stress-associated hormones. This unfortunately creates a cycle of a reduced resistance to stress. Magnesium is found in leafy greens, nuts, and seeds. The ones packing the highest punch are spinach and pumpkin seeds. 3. Skullcap An herb used for insomnia in humans, it has a similar mechanism of action to Valerian. Skullcap is thought to be GABAergic. But it is also thought to influence serotonin receptors, which is why it has reported sedative and relaxing effects. A small, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study of 43 human participants demonstrated that skullcap reduced symptoms of anxiety and depression in some individuals without causing an observable reduction in energy or cognition. In both cats and dogs, skullcap has been effective in general nervousness and excitability and in any condition where there is oversensitivity in the nervous system. 4. B-Vitamins Many of the B-Vitamins are involved in functions which directly impact the brain and nervous system. To single them out specifically, B12 and folate are reportedly low in cases of mood disorders in humans. B-vitamins can become depleted during times of stress, the more the body requires them for tasks the more they need replenishing. Stress also affects the lining in the stomach and compromises its function. Intrinsic factor is essential in B12 absorption but lack of production due to compromised function can significantly affect B12 levels. B-Vitamins can be found in eggs, liver, kidneys, chicken, red meat, tuna, mackerel, salmon, shellfish and dark green vegetables like spinach and kale. 5. Zinc In human literature, zinc is a trait marker of a mood disorder. Zinc deficiency is regularly associated with depression and anxiety, and supplementation often improves mood and cognitive function. We know zinc plays a role in mood because we find zinc enriched neurons in parts of the brain associated with emotions. Before we knew better, in rat studies, we found that increasing zinc levels reduced rat-fighting behaviour and when supplemented alongside antidepressant medication, rats developed improved resilience. Great source of zinc: Oysters, beef, chicken, pork, hemp seeds, shiitake mushrooms and red meat. We would always advocate a food first approach in supporting your dog, but there may be occasions where supplements will be beneficial. Calm Complex contains many of the nutraceuticals and herbs required to help calm the nervous system. If you would like any support with your dog’s health, please check out our services to see how we can help. Thanks for reading, MPN Team
Fibre is a super important addition to your dog’s diet for a range of reasons, but where can we get it from? We’ve popped together 7 of our favourite foods to add to the bowl! Let’s get cracking. What is Fibre? Fibre is a non-digestible carbohydrate and it boasts a range of health benefits, for us, and our dogs. As fibre makes its way through the digestive tract, it can slow glucose absorption, which helps modulate blood sugar levels. It can also form a gel like substance which can trap potentially harmful pathogens. Fermentable fibres produce short chain fatty acids which have unique roles throughout the body. Not only do they contribute to maintaining a healthy gut barrier, but they are also precursors to many neurotransmitters, which directly affect mood and behaviour. Fibre is seen to modulate insulin production, blood pressure and thought to affect cholesterol and fatty acid absorption too. And last but not least, fibre can be a great way to modulate transit time in the gut too. Diarrhoea often results when transit time is too fast. Constipation often results when transit time is too slow. The perfect stool is a result of “just right” transit time. In addition, when this occurs, we support healthy anal gland expression. For a full expression, the faeces should be firm, and pick-up-able. This is why poor bowel movements can contribute to anal glands becoming impacted. 3 Top Tips for Anal Gland Health in Dogs Although fibre is generally an umbrella term, there are fibres within fibres, and we often hear more about the supplemental fibres when we are talking about our canine companions. Psyllium husk: Psyllium husk is a form of soluble fibre, it contains mucilage which swells when in contact with fluid, forming a gel. Psyllium can help to improve faecal consistency. Slippery Elm: An insoluble fibre with mucilage properties where it creates a film, soothes, protects, and helps to heal the entire gastric system, modulating gut function. The inner bark of the Slippery Elm is not only packed with nutrients like vitamins A, B complex, C, K, Calcium, magnesium, and sodium, but it also has anti-inflammatory properties. But we can get the benefits associated with fibre from a food first approach too! Fibrous Food Sources 1. Broccoli Not only is broccoli a great source of fibre but it is packed full of vitamins and minerals. You will find vitamins A, C and E, fibre and antioxidants in these little green trees! Vitamin A helps maintain structural and functional integrity of mucosal cells in innate barriers (skin, respiratory tract etc). Broccoli also contains a phytochemical called Indole-3-Carbinol. This compound is formed from a substance called glucobrassicin found in broccoli and other brasscia vegetables such as brussels sprouts, cabbage, collards, cauliflower, kale, mustard greens and turnips. Indole-3-carbinol is formed when these vegetables are cut, chewed, or lightly cooked and show some promise in their anti-cancer effect. To Serve: chop and lightly steam or blend. 2. Berries We generally love berries because they contain anthocyanins (Greek anthos =flower and kyáneos = blue). Many studies have linked these compounds with antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic properties, along with protection against both heart disease and cancer, as well as a reduction in the risk of diabetes and cognitive function disorders. In addition, they have also demonstrated antimicrobial properties, specifically in cranberries and blueberries. But berries also pack a fair punch in terms of fibre content. Great berries to include are raspberries, blueberries, and cranberries. 3. Apples Another snack or training treat, apples pack a fair fibre punch! Chop into slices, just remember to avoid the seeds. Apples contain a range of antioxidants meaning they can help protect against oxidative stress. Apples are also a source of vitamin C and potassium. 4. Mushrooms There are literally thousands of species of mushrooms on the planet, so it can be a challenge to know where to start. But they are incredible in terms of the benefits they can provide. Mushrooms can be involved in the prevention of certain disease, the regeneration of damaged cells, the protection of tissues and cells and used during treatment of existing conditions. The bioactive compounds of mushrooms include polysaccharides, proteins, fats, ash, glycosides, alkaloids, volatile oils, tocopherols, phenolics, flavonoids, carotenoids, folates, ascorbic acid enzymes, and organic acids. Reishi mushrooms are adored for their immunomodulating benefits. Maiitike mushrooms have been used for their antibacterial function and cordyceps have been seen to inhibit inflammatory responses throughout the body. Mushrooms have been seen to be: Anti-inflammatory Anti-microbial Antioxidant Prebiotic Anti-diabetic And they are a great source of fibre for our dogs. If you are looking to add mushrooms to the bowl, cook them fully, lightly sauteed is fine. 5. Leafy greens Green leafy vegetables include spinach, kale, watercress and broccoli. In green leafy vegetables you will find vitamins A, C, E and K along with many of the B-vitamins. These vegetables also contain carotenoids. Carotenoids act as an antioxidant, deactivating free-radicals and limiting the damage they can cause. There are two broad classifications of carotenoids: carotenes and xanthophylls. The latter containing oxygen, whilst the former do not. Xanthophylls include lutein and zeaxanthin, which are both primarily associated with eye health. Beta-carotene one of the carotenes is turned into Vitamin A and is found in those green leafy veg like spinach and kale. Vitamin A is important in maintaining healthy skin, mucous membranes and supporting a functioning immune system. Green leafy vegetables also contain a rich source of folate, this is after all, where the name came from. Folate functions as a coenzyme in many processes in the body, it helps tissues grow and makes cells work. Folate is also involved in neurotransmitter synthesis, so it is implicated in mood and subsequently behaviour. To Serve: Lightly steam your kale or spinach, or blitz it up in a blender, pop it in a freezer mould and add them to your dog’s bowl! 6. Carrots You’ll notice the fibre content if you’ve ever fed these to your dog
Sadly, anal gland issues are quite prevalent in the general dog population and this can end up with owners asking groomers or vets to express them on a regular basis. The issue here is that anal gland expression has become the norm rather than the exception; and it really shouldn’t be. So, let’s take a look at the function of the anal glands and some of our top tips to promote anal gland health in the dog. What are the anal glands? The anal gland’s function is to release pheromones, enabling the communication between dogs and other mammals, including cats. The anal glands located on the lower sides of the anus, produce a fluid with a scent that identifies him or her, communicating sex, health, and approximate age to other animals. Healthy dogs display a huge variation in the appearance of their anal sac fluid; it can vary from yellow to brown and the consistency from watery to mucous to doughy. The secretion contains mucin rich in sialic acid and other anti-microbial proteins, namely lysozyme, immunoglobulin A and lactoferrin. As faeces is passed, the anal glands are expressed and so the fluid is secreted. But like all things in the body, sometimes this process goes a little wrong. The three main issues that arise with anal gland function include: impaction inflammation, and abscessation An anal sac impaction is characterized as an enlargement of the sacs due to retention of anal sac content, without showing any signs of inflammation except for pain and discomfort. Anal sac impaction can occur unilaterally, but most often it presents itself as bilateral. Anal sac inflammation, also called anal sacculitis, is defined as an enlargement combined with inflammation of the anal sac. The anal sac and perianal region often become red, swollen, and painful. In the case of an anal sac abscess, pyrexia (raised body temperature) is often present; however, pyrexia can also occur in the case of severe anal sac inflammation. An inflamed and often alopecic area of the anal sacs can be observed in the case of an anal sac abscess, again accompanied with swelling and pain. Discharge contaminated with blood can also occur. If your dog is suffering with their anal glands, you may notice the following: Scooting (dragging bottom on the floor) Licking or biting at the anus, Difficulty sitting or standing On rare occasion, chasing the tail. Predisposing Factors Anal sac disease is reported to occur more often in adult dogs and cats compared to puppies and kittens, Obesity may be a predisposing factor. Perianal fat can lead to compression of the anal sac ducts, resulting in retention of anal sac content. Anal sac disease in dogs seems to be more prevalent in spring/summer, Adverse food reactions or food allergies and atopic dermatitis are conditions mentioned as being associated with anal sac disease, There appears to be a relationship between the presence of diarrhoea and the occurrence of anal sac disease in dogs. 5 Reasons Why Your Dog May have Diarrhoea Sadly, there also appears to be around a 40% relapse rate for those dogs who suffer with anal gland disease. In dogs, recurrence of anal sac impaction and inflammation occurs on average after 4–5 months; for abscessation, the mean recurrence time is reported to be 10 months on average. Findings Here So, how can we avoid these issues, and certainly, if your dog has suffered anal gland issues, how can we avoid a relapse? 1) Support Healthy Immune Function The correlation between anal gland disease and food sensitivities and atopic dermatitis may suggest dysfunctional immune responses. It’s important to modulate inflammatory responses in the body and support a healthy immune system. It would be wise to embark on an elimination diet to establish any food sensitivities and optimise gut health. Elimination Diets For Dogs 7 Steps to Optimal Gut Health for Pets 2) Create a Healthy Gut Environment As the gut influences every function in the body, it makes sense to support its ecosystem as much as possible. Things that can contribute to a less than happy gut: Antibiotics Overuse of certain medications like proton pump inhibitors and antihistamines Poor liver function Poor motility Digestive disorders Poor pancreatic function Inflammation in the gut Stress Environmental toxins Dietary choices If you’d like to learn more about managing these for your dog, check out our blog here: What Can Help Gut Dysbiosis? 3) Feed a Wholefood Fresh Diet But you knew this one, didn’t you? When we feed foods that the digestive system can digest and utilise, everything moves as it should. Wholefoods offer roughage to the diet, helping elimination processes. Stools are better formed and so, as they pass, they express the anal glands. There has been data which indicated a meat only diet exacerbated anal gland issues, so remember if you do feed fresh, add some raw bones to the mix. If this is something you are unsure of, then please get in touch with us and we can help. Dietary fibre is also excellent at ‘moderating’ the transit time of food in the digestive tract. When this transit time is too fast (diarrhoea), fibre can slow digestion down and where it is too slow (constipation), it can help speed it up. Fibre can adapt beautifully and for this, a variation of vegetables and slippery elm is great. Slippery elm is a wonderful addition to your cat or dog’s diet, if they are having consistent anal gland problems. Slippery elm, also known as the red elm, is a native tree to North America. People use the inner bark for many different health concerns. It is a mucilage and as such, creates a layer around the mucous membrane of the digestive tract, soothing and healing the gut mucosa. If you would like some more pointers on supporting healthy anal gland function, check out our blog here: 4 Cornerstones for Healthy Anal Glands and if you would like some support with your dog’s health, then check out our services to see
Phytochemicals, also sometimes referred to as phytonutrients or polyphenols are biologically active compounds of plant origin. They are actually a plant’s natural defence. Normally, the properties are activated by damage to the plant which prevent insects and pests from eating them. A huge number of phytochemicals have been identified (8000+) and they are broadly classified as carotenoids and polyphenols but there are many further subdivisions. The question on everyone’s tongue, does my dog need them? Let’s take a look. Phytochemicals We are just starting to notice the health benefits of phytochemicals; buthey have been seen to: Protect DNA from damage Act as antioxidants Regulate hormonal function Support immune function Possess antimicrobial properties Phytochemicals and Inflammation Inflammation is the first biological response of the immune system to infection, injury or irritation. It is a necessary process, but it can sometimes get a little out of hand. This is where phytochemicals come in. Types of phytochemicals known as phenolics, and triterpenoids show high anti-inflammatory activity. These compounds are found in various fruits and vegetables. Findings Here Phenolic compounds are also seen to have a range of other health benefits in the body. It is thought that polyphenols may modulate blood glucose levels. On study in humans found that those people eating higher quantities of polyphenol-rich foods were 57% less likely to develop type II diabetes in a 2–4-year period. Findings Here Polyphenols are seen to promote the growth of good bacteria in the gut, and also fend off the bad guys! Win win! It is also thought that polyphenols may help probiotics survive and thrive too! Findings Here They have also been associated with: Delaying age-related cognitive decline Modulating inflammation in the brain Counteracting neurotoxins Protecting neurons against oxidative stress Enhanced memory and learning Findings Here Finally, researchers have found that certain polyphenols can modulate gene expression in cases of atopic dermatitis in dogs. In short, the researchers managed to control the inflammatory response in dermatologic disease. Findings Here They used extracts of luteolin which is found in foods like broccoli, carrots, peppers, cabbage and apple skins along with extracts of stilbene which occurs in some berries like blueberries. Other phytochemicals include sulforaphane and anthocyanins. Sulforaphane is an isothiocyante stored mainly inside cruciferous veggies, like broccoli. A great sulforaphane hack is to sprout your own broccoli seeds as these have way more sulphoraphane as the final plant. This compound has been seen to have anticancer properties in test tube studies, it is thought to release antioxidant and detoxification enzymes that protect against carcinogens. Sulforaphane is thought to support hearth health by reducing inflammation and also may reduce blood pressure. In addition, this compound has been seen to improve recovery and reduce mental decline after traumatic brain injury. Finally, sulforaphane has improved symptoms of constipation in humans in a 4-week study. Findings Here Anthocyanins (red, purple, and/or blue plant pigments) are found in many fruits but are thought to prevent the adhesion of pathogens to cell walls. When compared to other berries, the photochemical bioavailability was much higher in cranberries as compared to others, which is why it is thought to prevent adhesion of pathogenic bacteria in the urinary tract. Other Foods Which Contain Phytochemicals: 1) Pomegranate Pomegranate has been seen to help protect cells, especially those heart cells. Oxidative damage may be one of the contributors to heart failure in our canine companions and pomegranate has been seen to protect against this. They contain molecules known as ellagitannins. Pomegranate ellagitannins are not absorbed intact into the blood stream but are hydrolysed to ellagic acid over several hours in the intestine. Ellagitannins are also metabolized into urolithins by gut flora, and it is these urolithin A’s that exert anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Findings Here 2) Ginger Ginger is loved for its anti-inflammatory properties in cancer therapy. Inflammation, or rather pro-inflammatory cytokines contribute to carcinogenesis by influencing the survival, growth, mutation, proliferation, differentiation and movement of tumour cells. It is proposed that ginger has anti-inflammatory and therefore anticancer potential. Ginger contains active phenolic compounds such as gingerol, paradol and shogoall that have antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenesis properties. Ginger has demonstrated significant reductions in inflammatory signalling in cancer cases. Findings Here Not only that but in cases of liver cancer, it has induced apoptosis, inhibited formation, decreased expression and suppressed cell proliferation. In cases of pancreatic cancer it has downregulated signalling and cell survival indicators, inhibited expression, decreases metastasis, inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. Ginger has decreased incidence of colon tumours and it has been reported that intragastric treatment of ginger increases survival time. Findings Here Adjunct to other therapy, ginger has been seen to improve cellular immunity and decrease fatigue, pain and stress in cancer patients. It is also noted to reduce nausea. Ginger is widely used in traditional Chinese and Indian medicine, it is thought to stimulate digestion, absorption, relieve constipation and flatulence. In Chinese medicine it is thought to improve the flow of bodily fluids and is therefore used to stimulate blood circulation. The active compounds found reduce the formation of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins and thromboxane therefore lowering the clotting ability of the blood, it should therefore be used with caution alongside blood thinning medication. 3) Carrots Carotenoid-containing foods are often red, yellow or orange and this includes the trust carrot. Carotenoids are a class of phytonutrients and are found in the cells of a wide variety of plants, algae, and bacteria. They help plants absorb light energy for use in photosynthesis. They also have an important antioxidant function of deactivating free radicals which helps offset oxidative stress. Does My Dog Need Antioxidants? However, there is a number of factors that influence carotenoid’s bioavailability, absorption, breakdown, transport and storage. In a number of studies, thermal treatment was shown to increase carotenoid’s accessibility, due to the disruption of cell walls and bond loosening (read: cooked) Other factors, such as genes and nutritional status, gender, aging or infection, also determine carotenoid bioavailability. It is well-established that any disease with the abnormal
Sadly, at some point in our dog’s lives they may get poorly, or need an op. They may also just need periods of some additional TLC. Whilst the most nutritionally demanding phase post weaning is growth in puppies, recovery also has its own set of nutrient demands. We thought we’d take a closer look at the nutrient needs of recovering dogs. What is Recovery? Recovery generally takes the same form, no matter the trauma. If us or our dogs are exposed to an infection, our immune system springs to action to engulf and destroy the threat. The same occurs during trauma – in the case of a wound, immune cells rally to the damaged tissue to prevent any infection from taking hold and encourage growth factors to replace the damaged cells. This also applies in cases of planned operations – the body has experienced a trauma and so, it needs to repair and recover. But, our dogs also need to recover after physical activity – and this is even more important if we have a sporting/performing dog. Recovery Processes Immune cells need certain nutrients to do their jobs, and so when they are working overtime, they want to get paid for it. But a similar mechanism occurs during work. Not only do we have the energy needs of work, but damage can occur to muscles. At a low level, they repair, and come back stronger next time (this is the premise of training). But again, they need materials to rebuild and repair. We can think of the body like a bank account. It is always withdrawing through daily tasks. Providing we fuel it well; we remain in the black. During recovery and recuperation, it takes a little more, and if we don’t deposit enough, we end up in the red. Red signals poor recovery and this isn’t what we want for our canine companions. So, what do we need to do to stay in the black? Carbohydrates There is no physiological need proven for carbohydrates in the dog, however, they do possess a nutrient sparing effect. What this means is that if carbohydrates are utilised for energy, protein can be directed to what it does best – build and repair, and fat can stabilise membranes in those recovering cells! In their cooked form, carbohydrates can be an easily digested source of energy for the recovering dog. Complex carbohydrates like sweet potatoes are a great source of fibre, vitamin A, vitamin C, potassium, and B vitamins. Fibre is also a carbohydrate, albeit an indigestible one, and as we know fibre is your dog’s best friend for more reasons than one. 5 Reason’s Fibre is Your Dog’s Best Friend Protein Protein is of course top of the list for the recovering dog. Protein is from the Greek meaning “of prime importance” and it really is. The body is built from protein. Once it is ingested, it makes its way through the digestive system and the liver reassembles amino acids into other structures to be used throughout the body. We have: Antibody proteins – these bind to viruses and bacteria to protect the body, Enzyme proteins – enzymes carry out almost all the chemical reactions that occur in the body. They also assist in the formation of new molecules or cells. Messenger proteins – these include hormones that transmit signals throughout the body, coordinating biological processes between cells, tissues, and organs. Structural proteins – these provide structure and support for cells; they also allow the body to move. Transport/storage proteins – these proteins bind and carry atoms and small molecules within cells throughout the body. Genes are what tell amino acids what structure they will be, and therefore what function they will have. So, as you can see, when we’re asking the body to do a lot of these things, they need protein to do the job. Most foods contain either animal or plant cells and will therefore naturally contain protein. But the processing of foods may change the amounts and proportions of some amino acids; for example the Maillard reaction and the associated browning that occurs when foods are baked reduces the available amino acid lysine. The quality of the protein is also important and depends on the amino acids that are present. Proteins from animal sources have a higher biological value than proteins from plant sources. This is because the pattern of amino acids in animal cells is comparable. This difference has led to a concept of first-class and second-class proteins, for animal and plant foods, respectively. Even in human data, we are seeing that probiotic supplementation alongside plant-protein sources is necessary for optimal absorption and utilisation. For the canine, a fresh-food diet containing animal sources of protein will support recovery. Fat Fat is a necessary macronutrient for the dog – they have an improved capacity to utilise fat as energy compared to us humans, but essential fatty acids also play a role in the inflammatory response. Inflammation is necessary, it rallies immune cells to tackle the issue at hand, whether this is an invading virus or a wound that needs to heal, but it can become chronic, and this is where is it problematic. Like goldilocks, we need just enough inflammation. Fatty Acids and Inflammation In dogs, the body has a requirement for two distinct EFA families. The Omega-6 and Omega-3 series. Eicosanoids are products of the oxidation of the omega families; they are collectively known as prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes. The number of eicosanoids synthesised depends on the availability and type of fatty acid found in cell membranes. Human studies have demonstrated that the supplementation EPA significantly alters the ratio of EPA (omega-3) to AA (omega-6) in cell membranes which has been beneficial in inflammatory conditions. In short, consumption of omega 3, replaces AA. The result is fewer AA derived eicosanoids and more EPA or GLA eicosanoids, and therefore managing the inflammatory response. The thing to note is the omega 6:3 ratio. In many commercial foods we note
We call eggs a reference protein for good reason, they contain all essential amino acids. Eggs are a nutrient dense food, not only packed with protein but a range of micronutrients too. As we work with raw diets as well as cooked, one of the questions we are asked all the time is whether raw eggs are safe for dogs. So, let’s settle it once and for all. Eggs are high in quality protein, they contain healthy fats, vitamins, minerals, eye protecting antioxidants and various other nutrients; One whole, large raw egg contains protein: 6 grams fat: 5 grams magnesium: 6 mg calcium: 28 mg phosphorus: 99 mg potassium: 69 mg vitamin D: 41 IU One large egg also contains 147mg of choline which is the precursor to acetylcholine, a key player in nervous system function. Eggs are high in lutein and zeaxanthin which are antioxidants involved in eye health. Does Raw Egg Hinder Nutrient Absorption? Egg yolks provide a good dietary source of biotin and raw egg whites contain a protein called avidin. Avidin is known to bind to biotin in the small intestine, preventing its absorption. We first found this in rats in the early 1900s. When rats were fed egg-white protein containing avidin, the biotin was biologically unavailable. This resulted in a syndrome of dermatitis, hair loss, and neuromuscular dysfunction known as “egg-white injury.” What is Biotin? Biotin is an essential water-soluble vitamin. It is also known as vitamin B-7 or vitamin H, in which case the H stands for “Haar und Haut,” the German words for “hair and skin.” Biotin is necessary for the function of several enzymes known as carboxylases. These are part of important metabolic processes, such as the production of glucose and fatty acids. Specifically, biotin is involved in: Gluconeogenesis: This is the synthesis of glucose from sources other than carbohydrates, such as amino acids/ Biotin-containing enzymes help initiate this process. Fatty acid synthesis: Biotin assists enzymes that activate reactions that are important for the production of fatty acids. Amino acid breakdown: Biotin-containing enzymes are involved in the metabolism of several important amino acids, including leucine. Research has shown biotin deficiency will result in abnormal fatty acid metabolism, which may be responsible for the pathogenesis of dermatitis and alopecia. Interestingly, supplementation of biotin-deficient rats with omega-6 polyunsaturated acids prevented the development of dermatitis, which indicated that an abnormality in n-6 PUFA metabolism is involved in biotin deficiency-related dermatitis (and perhaps not completely laying the blame at biotin per se). Other schools of thought relating to biotin-deficiency alopecia is the role of the microbiota in the gut. Free biotin may influence the composition of the gut microbiota because biotin is necessary for the growth and survival of the microbiota. Biotin deficiency leads to gut dysbiosis and the overgrowth of Lactobacillus murinus, leading to the development of alopecia. This is further compounded with co-administration of antibiotics. Furthermore, vitamin B7 production appears to proceed in a cooperative manner among different intestinal bacteria; Bifidobacterium longum in the intestine produces pimelate, which is a precursor of vitamin B7 that enhances vitamin B7 production by other intestinal bacteria. Based on this data you would be forgiven for thinking that raw eggs are a poor dietary choice because of the potential to cause a biotin-deficiency, but is this accurate? We established a biotin-deficiency using rats. We must remember that rats have no dietary requirement for biotin because it is provided by intestinal microorganisms through coprophagy. To this end there are four ways to produce a biotin deficiency in rats fed a biotin-deficient diet. use germ free animals prevent coprophagy feed sulfa drugs feed raw egg whites To achieve a biotin deficiency state, 20% raw egg whites as the source of protein was fed. Findings Here Whilst our dogs may like eggs, its unlikely that 20% of their diet will consist of them. Salmonella Poisoning Raw and undercooked eggs may contain Salmonella, a type of bacteria. Salmonella contamination can happen in one of two ways: either directly during the formation of an egg inside the hen indirectly when Salmonella contaminates the outside of the egg and penetrates through the shell membrane Indirect contamination can happen during the production process, during handling, or during preparation. In commercial egg sales, pasteurisation is one method that is often employed to prevent the possibility of Salmonella contamination. This process uses a heating treatment to reduce the number of bacteria and other microorganisms in foods. But where you source your eggs from is a more obvious consideration to make here. A review of risk factors for Salmonella in laying hens revealed that overall evidence points to a lower occurrence in non-cage compared to cage systems. There is also conclusive evidence that an increased stocking density, larger farms and stress result in increased occurrence, persistence and spread of Salmonella in laying hen flock. Findings Here So, opt for free range and organic raised hens to source your eggs from to reduce the risk of bacterial contamination. The bottom line? Eggs are nutritious whether you opt for cooked or raw. There may be compromised nutrient absorption, but this only occurs when significant quantities are eaten. Moderation is key and opt for free range and organic wherever possible. And yes, the shells can be eaten too. Thanks for reading, MPN Team
When we are regularly told as humans that we should increase our fibre intake for health benefits (yes – we really should be getting around 30g per day), it makes sense that we start to wonder whether fibre should be included in our dog’s diet. Here at My Pet Nutritionist we thought we’d explore fibre for the dog in a little more detail. Let’s get cracking. What is Fibre? A carbohydrate is a molecule made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, which is why you may often see them noted as CHO. Their primary function is to provide energy. Carbohydrates are made up of three components, fibre, starch, and sugar. Sugar is a simple carb. Having fewer molecules to digest and break down, it sends an immediate burst of glucose into the bloodstream. This is the one that tends to cause a ruckus. Fibre and starch, however, are complex carbs, having longer chains of molecules. Starch takes longer to digest, having a more gradual effect on the body and fibre is a non-digestible complex carbohydrate. If fibre and resistant starch can’t be digested, what happens to it? 1) It Supports Gut Health Fibre gets fermented by the bacteria living in the gut. This produces short-chain-fatty acids, also known as SCFAs. The most common SCFAs produced are acetate, butyrate and propionate and they all have unique roles. They provide fuel for intestinal epithelial cells, which strengthen the gut barrier and butyrate is known for its role keeping the junctions of the barrier nice and tight. Not only that but SCFAs are able to stimulate mucus production, which is vital for creating a barrier between the external environment and the underlying gut epithelial layer. Mucin production plays an important role in protection from harmful pathogens. Findings Here 2) It Supports Brain (and emotional) Health SCFAs also exert effects on the brain. Not only have all examples of SCFAs been found in the brain, suggesting they can cross the blood-brain-barrier, they appear to modulate neurotransmitters and neurotrophic factors. In humans we have seen how certain levels of SCFA’s have been implicated in depression, anxiety, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and autism spectrum disorder. Findings Here Fibre feeds the microbes in the gut, meaning that if we want the beneficial ones to survive (those that produce metabolites which can influence behaviour and mood), they need to be fed! 3) It Can Decrease GERD Low dietary fibre intake is regularly associated with decreased stomach and gut motility and delayed emptying, which can contribute to the risk of gastroesophageal reflux and its associated disease (GERD.) It is thought that dietary fibre binds nitric oxide and diminishes its negative influence on lower oesophageal sphincter pressure too. Fibre is thought to decrease gastric acidity, lowering the number of refluxes, and reducing their damaging capacity. The common treatments for GERD include suppression of gastric acid secretion, but this can be problematic. The use of proton pump inhibitors is associated with a decrease in bacterial richness in the gut microbiome and quite often pathogenic bacteria are increased. This imbalance, known as gut dysbiosis, has been associated with a range of health issues including, not surprisingly, intestinal disorders like irritable bowel syndrome, along with extra-intestinal disease such as allergy, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and obesity. The addition of fibre to your dog’s diet has great safety margins when compared to some conventional treatments of GERD. Natural Guide for Acid Reflux in Dogs 4) Fibre for Anal Gland Health Fibre can be a great way to modulate transit time in the gut. Diarrhoea often results when transit time is too fast. Constipation often results when transit time is too slow. The perfect stool is a result of “just right” transit time, and when this occurs, we support anal gland expression. For a full expression, the faeces should be firm, and pick-up-able. This is why poor bowel movements can contribute to anal glands becoming impacted. 4 Cornerstones for Healthy Anal Glands Feeding Fibre No matter what you feed, you can add fibre to your dog’s bowl. Some great sources include: Broccoli – chop and lightly steam or blend. Berries – we generally love berries for their antioxidant properties, but they also pack a fair punch in terms of fibre content. Great berries to include are: raspberries, blueberries and cranberries. Mushrooms – again, whilst we tend to talk about mushrooms for their beta-glucan content and therefore their role in supporting immune function, they are great sources of fibre for the dog. Sauté them before serving. Leafy greens – packing an immense nutritional punch, being a vegetable, they also contain indigestible fibre. Kale, spinach or Swiss chard are great additions to the bowl. Blend or lightly steam before feeding. Carrots – you’ll notice the fibre content if you’ve ever fed these to your dog and noticed an orange tinted poop afterwards. Raw carrots can be fed as snacks or training treats, but you can also feed them cooked! Apples – another snack or training treat, apples pack a fair fibre punch! Chop into slices, just remember to avoid the seeds! Pumpkin – one of the foods all dog owners should have in! We know the benefits of feeding pumpkin when our dogs are a little under the weather, but we don’t always talk about the fibre content. Pumpkin also contains vitamins A, C, and E, as well as minerals like iron and potassium. Offering pumpkin to your dog is a great way to support their digestive health. It’s clear to see that the inclusion of fibre in your dog’s diet has a range of benefits, whether you feed dry, wet, cooked, or raw. Be mindful if your dog isn’t used to eating fibrous foods, however, introduce slow and steady. If you would like any support with your dog’s dietary needs, then check out our services to see how we can help. Thanks for reading, MPN Team
It’s a sad realisation when we notice our dog getting a little stiffer or moving a little slower. Of course, we take it upon ourselves to make them as comfortable as possible. Joint degradation is a normal part of life, but as we know, certain things can speed it up. Alongside this, there are things we can do to potentially limit some of the damage, and food, nutrients and herbs that can help modulate the inflammatory process. We have compiled 5 of our favourite herbs for joint care in the dog. Joint Degradation Joint degradation is characterised by inadequate production of compounds necessary to its structure, along with reduced collagen synthesis. This can be a result of physical stress, trauma, autoimmunity, or aging. Here, inflammation is upregulated, creating further breakdown. It results in weak, damaged, or inflamed tissue with restricted or painful movement. Tissues are in the firing line when carrying out any physical activity and they may be susceptible to physical stress, strain, or trauma. Unexpected force or sudden changes in direction or speed are also more likely to cause issues (read: overweight dogs and those who chase balls regularly). This can be a particular risk during the winter, when walking in snowy, icy, or even muddy conditions. Tendons and ligaments are dependent on physical activity to develop, but it must be in moderation and appropriate. Joint degradation therefore has a number of risk factors: Nutritional insufficiency Physical stress or trauma Overuse – aging, Excess weight Autoimmunity The main concern in joint degradation is inflammation and the associated pain. And this is where our wonderful herbs can come in. 1) Horsetail Horsetail is a popular fern that has been used as an herbal remedy since the times of the Greek and Roman Empires. It grows wildly in Northern Europe and America, as well as in other moist places with temperate climates. It has a long, green, and densely branched stem that grows from spring to autumn. This plant contains a range of beneficial compounds, but we are most interested in its silica content and also its ability to function as an antioxidant. Silica, which is also present in bones, improves the formation, density, and consistency of bone and cartilage tissue by enhancing collagen synthesis and improving the absorption and use of calcium. Horsetail is rich in phenolic compounds which as we know are a group of antioxidants inhibiting oxidative damage. Not only this, but studies into rheumatoid arthritis have shown that horsetail has a down-regulatory effect on pro-inflammatory factors. It is often described as a great regulator of inflammation. Findings Here 2) Turmeric Turmeric is a flowering plant, but it’s the root we’re most interested in. Part of the ginger family, it looks very similar, but it’s the smell that helps you differentiate. Turmeric is frequently used in humans, to help with a range of diseases and conditions including skin, pulmonary, aches, pains, sprains, liver issues and cancer. Curcumin specifically is argued to be anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-microbial, anti-tumour and helpful in wound healing. Used in Ayurvedic and Chinese Medicine for centuries, it is now finding a place in Western Medicine. Many joint issues feature chronic inflammation, and in supporting our dogs, we aim to reduce pain and inflammation. So here comes turmeric with its anti-inflammatory properties! Several studies have shown that when supplemented with turmeric, arthritic dogs show a marked improvement in their daily life activity without any side effects! Findings Here 3) Ginger A University of Miami study concluded that ginger extract could be a substitute to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The study compared the effects of a highly concentrated ginger extract to placebo in 247 patients with osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee. The ginger reduced pain and stiffness in knee joints by 40 percent over the placebo. Research shows that ginger affects certain inflammatory processes at a cellular level, and as we know, many pathologies involving the joints have inflammation as the key player. There are more than 1300 types of ginger plant, and they contain a wide range of nutrients, including: vitamin C vitamin B6 the minerals magnesium, potassium, and copper gingerols, shogaols, paradols, and other phytonutrients and polyphenols Gingerol, shogaol, and paradols all have antioxidant properties, and gingerol and paradols are also anti-inflammatory. 4) Boswellia Serrata Boswellia resin can inhibit a branch of the arachidonic acid cascade related to leukotriene synthesis seemingly without affecting prostaglandin synthesis. It is considered that the excessive formation of leukotrienes is responsible for chronic inflammation. In 2004, researchers investigated the role of boswellia in inflammatory joint disease. After two weeks of treatment, an overall efficacy of the dietary supplement was evident in 71% of 24 eligible dogs. A statistically significant reduction of severity and resolution of typical clinical signs in individual animals, such as intermittent lameness, local pain and stiff gait, were reported after 6 weeks. Effects of external factors that aggravate lameness, such as “lameness when moving” and “lameness after a long rest” diminished gradually. They therefore concluded that boswellia herbal dietary supplement provided symptomatic support in canine osteoarthritic disease. Findings Here 5) Ashwagandha Ashwagandha is an evergreen shrub that grows in India, the Middle East, and parts of Africa. It has a long history of use in traditional medicine. We most commonly use it for its calming effect on anxiety symptoms along with building stress resilience, so it can help modulate any mood disturbances alongside chronic pain. But this wonderful herb may also act as a pain reliever, preventing signals from travelling along the central nervous system. It is also thought to have anti-inflammatory properties. One hundred and twenty-five patients with joint pain were screened at an Ayurvedic hospital in New Delhi, India. They ingested ashwagandha powder daily for three weeks to establish any symptomatic improvement. A significant change in post-treatment scores of tender joint counts, swollen joint counts, physician global assessment score, patient global assessment score, pain assessment score and patient self-assessed disability index score were reported. The researchers concluded that ashwagandha has a potential role
Obesity is one of the most common issues that cat owners bring to My Pet Nutritionist with good reason. We know that being overweight increases the risk factors for developing: Cancer Diabetes Heart disease Osteoarthritis and degeneration of joints Urinary issues Surgery complications Respiratory difficulties Kidney disease In a nutshell, being overweight significantly compromises quality of life and actually, the length of it too! So, let’s take a look at some of the common reasons why your cat may be overweight, and we’ll share our top tips for tackling obesity in cats. Is Your Cat Overweight? Obesity is defined as an accumulation of excessive amounts of adipose tissue. It is generally a state of positive energy balance. When food is ingested, it is digested and metabolised. The body uses the nutrients it needs and converts the main macronutrients to energy. Macronutrients consumed over and above those that are needed, are converted into adipose tissue, for use at a later stage. Cat body scores run from 1-9. Ideal bodyweights score 4-5, ribs are not visible but easily palpable, there is an obvious waist and there is minimal/small amount of abdominal fat. Body scores are a much more appropriate approach to establishing body proportion in cats as weight doesn’t accommodate for breed differences or activity levels. Your cat is overweight if: Ribs are difficult to palpate under body fat, Waist barely visible or absent, There is rounding of the abdomen. Why is My Cat Overweight? Perception Do you know your pet is overweight? In an 8000-household study, 68% of surveyed owners report thinking their pet is the perfect weight. 67% of surveyed owners did not see obesity as a concern. This is in contrast to that reported by vets, who show concern that over half of all pets are overweight. Do we simply not see that our pet is overweight and therefore aren’t employing any tactics to manage it? Food Intake Most foods on the market include a feeding guideline based on weight. One of the most common mistakes made by owners is to feed based on the current weight of their pet, not the ideal weight (when tackling a weight issue). Not only that, but weight is a bit of a misnomer anyway. With so many different breeds it is difficult to establish standardisation. It’s important to feed the pet in front of you. Energy requirements vary depending on lifestyle, age, activity, and time of year. Cats for example may be less active in the winter. The type of food you are feeding your pet will also play a part. Starch is the storage from of carbohydrates found in plants and as we know, dry pet foods have large quantities of starch. Starch can be divided into rapidly digestible starch, slowly digestible starch and resistant starch. Rapidly digestible starch can be produced by the exposure to heat, pressure, or moisture decrease (read: exactly what happens during pet food manufacturing). Rapidly digestible starch results in a blood sugar spike, calling the pancreas to action. Insulin shuttles glucose into cells that need it, but also facilitates its entry into adipose tissue! Insulin also stops the breakdown of fat and prevents the breakdown or triglycerides into fatty acids (causing a build-up in fat cells). This is why we always advocate feeding a fresh food diet. Cats are obligate carnivores; in that they get everything they need from animal tissue. Quite often, removing a dry food from a cat’s diet results in significant weight improvement. It’s a Family Affair One of the biggest challenges with feeding cats is getting everyone in the home on board. Cats tend to tell everyone in the home that they still haven’t been fed! This results in many mealtimes, served by many different family members. To tackle this, work out an appropriate food intake in any one day and portion this into a Tupperware. Ensure all family members understand this – when the food has gone, the food has gone – if most of the food has gone by lunchtime, what’s left needs to be kept until dinnertime! Account for Physical Activity We have a nuance in the cat. Some are indoor cats, where others are outdoor cats. This brings a significant difference in activity levels. Whilst the calorie in:calorie out model of obesity is simplistic, it is a consideration to make. For the indoor cat who engages in little physical activity, their food intake may need to be significantly lower than thought. We can enrich their lifestyle with more opportunities for exercise; through activity centres or play but we should also consider reducing their food intake if they are becoming overweight. We should also account for mobility challenges in the ageing cat and how this will influence their nutrient needs. Treat Intake Keep a log on how many treats you are offering your cat, whether it’s scraps from your plate or treats you have bought in. These are easy to nip in the bud if you are trying to manage your cat’s weight; the key is to ensure your cat is satiated from their mealtimes. Cats Are Not Small Dogs Be Mindful of Behaviour For some cats, being demanding can be a problematic behaviour rather than a request for nutrients. Does your cat have plenty of opportunities to engage in their normal behaviour? Do they have access to safe toys and regular opportunities to play with both people and by themselves? Can they rest, undisturbed when they choose? Can they meet their basic needs easily? Can they access food, water, beds, and litter without being disturbed or scared by other pets/people? Obesity in cats is a significant concern, and one that can impair their health and lifespan. Our top tips include: Opt for a fresh food diet (ditch the dry!) Feed the cat in front of you, based on their age, activity level and lifestyle Get the whole family on board If you would like to learn more about obesity in pets, we have a number of other
When we talk about nutrition we tend to focus on the protein and fat requirements of our pets (the carbohydrate requirement gets us all a little hot under the collar) and it stands to reason because they are macronutrients. What this means is that they are required in larger quantities for optimal bodily function. But we also have micronutrients, and despite them being required in lower quantities, they are still critical to health. Under the umbrella of micronutrients, we have vitamins and minerals. We have some helpful blogs on minerals here: Why Does My Dog Need Minerals – Part One Why Does My Dog Need Minerals – Part Two But, as vitamins are just as important, here at My Pet Nutritionist we thought we’d pop together a blog on why our dogs need them too! What Are Vitamins? Vitamins are defined by their physical and physiological characteristics. Vitamins are needed in minute quantities to function as essential enzymes, enzyme precursors of coenzymes in many of the body’s metabolic processes. Generally, vitamins are not synthesised by the body and must therefore be provided by food (but our canine companions have a trick up their sleeve with vitamin C for example). Fat vs. Water Soluble Vitamins Vitamins are split into fat soluble and water-soluble vitamins. In this blog, we will focus on the water-soluble vitamins. If you would like to learn more about the fat-soluble vitamins, then check out our blog here: Why Does My Dog Need Vitamins? Part One – The Fat-Soluble Vitamins The Water-Soluble Vitamins Water soluble vitamins are depleted at a faster rate because of limited storage and are less likely to cause toxicity but more likely to become deficient. Water soluble vitamins are absorbed by way of active transport, some vitamins require a carrier protein, like with B12 cobalamin (intrinsic factor), where others require a sodium dependent, carrier-mediated absorption pump. The B Vitamins The B complex vitamins are all water-soluble vitamins that were originally grouped together because of similar metabolic functions and occurrence in foods. These nine vitamins act as coenzymes for specific cellular enzymes that are involved in energy metabolism and tissue synthesis. Coenzymes are small organic molecules that must be present with an enzyme for a specific reaction to occur, like a key being required for a lock to engage. The following vitamins are all involved in the conversion of food to energy: thiamine riboflavin niacin pyridoxine pantothenic acid biotin The following are all important for cell growth and maintenance and/or blood cell synthesis: folate B12 cobalamin choline (it’s not actually a vitamin, but its often grouped with the B vitamins due to their similarities) Spotlight On… Biotin: Known as Vitamin H, for Haar and Haut (hair and skin), we know it more commonly as vitamin B7, or Biotin. One of the B vitamins, Biotin, helps the body convert food into energy. Specifically, biotin is involved in gluconeogenesis, which as we know is the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources. Biotin is involved in fatty acid synthesis, which as we know, is key in skin health. Biotin is also involved in amino acid breakdown. Deficiency of biotin has been associated with immune depression and reduced collagen synthesis, another key consideration in structural health. Biotin deficiency is rare in those who ingest a varied diet, but symptoms in the dog include alopecia, dull coat, brittle hair and scaly skin. The use of antibiotics in the dog decreases the bacterial population of the large intestine which increases the dietary requirement for biotin. Rancid fats also inactive biotin, along with feed rancidity (storage conditions and length). Chlorine inactivates biotin, so this is of concern if dogs are offered chlorinated drinking water. Findings Here Many foods contain biotin, so opt for organ meats, eggs, fish, meat, seeds, and nuts. Fruits like raspberries also contain biotin, and vegetables like sweet potato. There are however some concerns that egg whites contain avidin which binds to biotin, making it unavailable for intestinal absorption. Deficiency has only occurred when over 30% of the diet consists of raw eggs. So, like all things, moderation is key. Vitamin B12 Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is critical for a range of functions in the body. A common deficiency in human vegetarians, disorders of cobalamin metabolism are seemingly increasing in small animal medicine. The causes of deficiency range from chronic gastrointestinal disease to hereditary disease, but what is clear is the health impact of low levels. Vitamin B12 is essential for DNA and RNA synthesis and for cellular energy production. All cells in all bodies need to know what they are doing, and they need energy to do them! There are no known naturally occurring bioactive forms of B12 in plant sources. This is because B12 is synthesised by the bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract of animals, and then absorbed by the host animals. B12 is concentrated in their tissues, which is then eaten by other animals. Sources of B12 include red meat, fish, dairy and eggs. B12 can be depleted in times of stress. This occurs from a range of mechanisms. Stress is a physiological response; in the presence of a threat, the sympathetic nervous system kicks in for fight or flight. Energy is diverted to the brain and muscles as these are the parts of the body needed to escape. Once the threat has been resolved, the parasympathetic nervous system kicks in, returning energy to other bodily functions, which is why it is known as the rest and digest phase. In times of chronic stress, digestive functions can be significantly altered, which can result in malabsorption of nutrients, in this case B12. There are also suggestions that gastric acid can vary during times of stress, increasing or decreasing depending on the personality of the host. Changes in stomach acid secretion can also affect the digestion and absorption of nutrients. Can Stress Affect My Dog’s Digestive System? The last mechanism by which B12 levels are affected during times of stress is due to its role
When we talk about nutrition we tend to focus on the protein and fat requirements of our pets (the carbohydrate requirement gets us all a little hot under the collar) and it stands to reason because they are macronutrients. What this means is that they are required in larger quantities for optimal bodily function. But we also have micronutrients, and despite them being required in lower quantities, they are still critical to health. Under the umbrella of micronutrients, we have vitamins and minerals. We have some helpful blogs on minerals here: Why Does My Dog Need Minerals – Part One Why Does My Dog Need Minerals – Part Two But, as vitamins are just as important, here at My Pet Nutritionist we thought we’d pop together a blog on why our dogs need them too! What Are Vitamins? Vitamins are defined by their physical and physiological characteristics. Vitamins are needed in minute quantities to function as essential enzymes, enzyme precursors or coenzymes in many of the bodies metabolic processes. Generally, vitamins are not synthesised by the body and must therefore be provided by food (but our canine companions have a trick up their sleeve with vitamin C for example). Fat vs. Water Soluble Vitamins Vitamins are split into fat soluble and water-soluble vitamins. In this blog, we will focus on the fat-soluble vitamins, with the water-soluble vitamins to follow. Fat soluble vitamins can be stored in the body’s lipid deposits, making them more resistant to deficiency but also more likely to result in toxicity. Fat soluble vitamins require bile salts and fat to form micelles for absorption. They are then passively absorbed through the lacteals (the lymphatic vessels of the small intestine which absorb digested fats), usually in the duodenum and ileum and transported with chylomicrons to the liver via the lymphatic system. Synthetic and naturally made vitamins are used in the body in the same way but they do have different availabilities. The Fat-Soluble Vitamins Vitamin A Vitamin A is the term which describes several compounds which biologically, have the activity of the parent compound retinol. This form of the vitamin and its derivatives are found only in animal tissues, whereas plants contain precursors in the form of the carotenoids. These are the yellow/orange pigments found in carrots and many other vegetables. The most widely abundant precursor of vitamin A is carotene, and most animals can convert this into the vitamin itself. The well-known function of vitamin A is its role in vision. Vitamin A is a precursor of rhodopsin, the photopigment found in rods within the retina of the eye that helps us and our pets to see at night. One manifestation of vitamin A deficiency is slow, dark adaptation progressing to night blindness. Vitamin A is also part of the bone formation and bone resorption equation. It influences both osteoblast and osteoclast function. Much data is now suggesting higher vitamin A levels are associated with lower bone density so balancing levels is essential. Vitamin A plays a role in maintaining healthy endothelial cells which are those lining the body’s interior surfaces. As we know, in the gut, they play a role controlling the passage of antigens and commensal gut microbiota from the intestine into the bloodstream. Another key role of Vitamin A is supporting immune function. It helps make white blood cells which circulate in the body, searching for foreign invaders and cell irregularities. Sources of Vitamin A: Carotenoids: sweet potatoes, dark leafy greens, yellow/orange/red fruits/vegetables. Retinoids: animal meat; liver, fish oil. Vitamin D Vitamin D is actually a hormone that promotes calcium absorption. In human health, you will have heard it referenced as the sunshine vitamin as it is produced in the skin in response to sunlight (UV) exposure. Unlike herbivores and omnivores, cats and dogs are unable to synthesize Vitamin D adequately in the skin. There is no seasonal change in concentrations and studies have shown that when fed a diet deficient in Vitamin D, puppies develop rickets which could not be prevented by exposure to UVB light. Findings Here This means that cats and dogs are dependent on dietary sources of Vitamin D. There are two forms of Vitamin D. Vitamin D2 is also known as ergocalciferol which occurs in plants and Vitamin D3, known as cholecalciferol, is created in the skin during exposure to UV light and occurs in animals. Cholecalciferol (D3) is of greatest nutritional importance to both cats and dogs and luckily it can be obtained from the consumption of animal products that contain it. Once vitamin D3 is formed in the skin (of animals who can do so), it binds and is then either stored or transported to the liver. Both D2 and D3 are biologically inactive and must undergo two more steps to be activated. This involves both the liver and the kidneys. Vitamin D plays an indirect role in bone health by managing calcium levels in the body. It controls absorption of calcium in the intestine and the amount of calcium excreted by the kidneys. If Vitamin D levels are low, then the intestines struggle to absorb calcium. Vitamin D is also vital in immune function. We find vitamin D receptors on a range of immune cells, meaning there needs to be sufficient levels of it in the body for the cells to do their job. Vitamin D can help modulate inflammatory responses and is also required to produce natural killer cells which are known for killing virally infective cells. Findings Here The Importance of Vitamin D for Cats and Dogs Vitamin E Vitamin E includes several compounds, of which the most biologically active and widely distributed is alpha tocopherol. Vitamin E functions as an important antioxidant within cells, protecting lipids, particularly the polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes against oxidative damage caused by free radicals and active forms of oxygen that may be generated during metabolic processes. The dietary requirement for vitamin E is influenced by the intake of selenium because of its role in glutathione
Here at My Pet Nutritionist we describe the liver as the powerhouse, simply because it has so many jobs. For this reason, when it’s feeling a little under the weather, the ramifications can be widespread. What is it they say, prevention is better than cure? With this in mind, are there foods we can include in our pet’s diet that can support liver health? Of course! Certain wholefoods contain a range of nutrients which can support our dog’s whole health, so here are a few of our favourite foods to support liver health. 1) Blueberries Almost all chronic liver disease is under the background of elevated oxidative stress. This occurs when the number of free radicals found in the body outweighs its ability to cope with them. Antioxidants neutralise free radicals. This versatile berry contains anthocyanins which function as antioxidants which been seen to protect the liver from oxidative stress. Studies have found that in the livers of rats, such protective compounds found in fruits like blueberries slowed the development of scar tissue and may be useful in the prevention of hepatic fibrosis. Other fruits rich in antioxidants include: Cranberries Raspberries Strawberries Mango, Watermelon Blackberries 2) Leafy Green Vegetables (kale, spinach etc.) Not only does this family of vegetables provide a wide range of nutrients and health benefits, but they also have the added ability of increasing the liver’s natural detoxification enzymes. Detoxification is carried out by a range of mechanisms, and this comes in particularly handy if one pathway is overwhelmed, another can pick up the slack. Detoxification falls into three phases. The first two phases are concerned with breaking down the toxin in the body, and phase three is concerned with excreting it. For us to manage ours and our dog’s toxic load, all three phases need to be working optimally. Phases I and II are particularly nutrient demanding, and it goes without saying that the higher the burden on the phases (the more toxins our dogs are exposed to), the higher the nutrient requirement again. Sufficient levels of key vitamins and minerals like vitamin A, C, E, B1, B2, B3 and iron, along with cysteine, are essential and this is where our trusty greens come in. In leafy greens you get substantial amounts of vitamins such as A, C, K, and many of the B’s including folate (B9), plus minerals such as calcium, iron, magnesium, manganese, and potassium. You’ll also find lots of fibre made up of complex carbohydrates, and antioxidant phytonutrients such as beta-carotene, lutein, and zeaxanthin. 3) Fatty Fish (mackerel, tuna, sardines etc.) Consuming fatty fish that are high in omega-3 fatty acids regularly can help modulate inflammation and it is this mechanism that is crucial to so many health issues in both us and our dogs. Inflammation is a normal response of the body to protect tissues from infection, injury, or disease. The inflammatory response begins with the production and release of chemical agents by cells in the infected, injured, or diseased tissue. These agents cause redness, swelling, pain, heat, and loss of function. Inflamed tissues generate additional signals that recruit leukocytes to the site of inflammation. Leukocytes destroy any infective or injurious agent and remove cellular debris from damaged tissue. This inflammatory response usually promotes healing but, if uncontrolled, may become harmful. Acute inflammation typically lasts only a few days. If a wound gets hot, turns red, hurts, and swells, we recognize that inflammation is at work. In this instance, inflammation is a beneficial process, serving to immobilize the area of injury as the rest of the immune system mobilizes to heal. In contrast, chronic inflammation lasts weeks, months or even indefinitely and causes tissue damage, and this too can occur in the liver. In chronic inflammation, the inflammation becomes the problem rather than the solution. Chronically inflamed tissues continue to generate signals that request help from leukocytes in the bloodstream. When leukocytes reach the tissue, they bring inflammation to the party. This chronic inflammatory response can break down healthy tissue in a misdirected attempt at repair and healing. Inflammation and Fatty Acids Arachidonic acid is an omega-6 acid that is involved in the synthesis of eicosanoids. Eicosanoids play an important role in the body, they modulate many processes including reproduction, blood pressure, haemostasis and of course inflammation. The issue occurs when there are too many. This is why we are particularly interested in balancing out our omega 6 and omega 3 fatty acids. Many commercial foods come in higher on the omega 6 front, and so we really need to be adding some wonderful omega 3’s to the bowl (in the form of oily fish). Not only this, but omega-3 fatty acids inhibit an enzyme called cyclooxygenase (COX), which produces the prostaglandin hormones that spark inflammation. The action is similar to what happens when NSAIDs are ingested which also disrupts the COX-2 signalling pathway, reducing inflammation. The inclusion of omega 3’s in your dog’s diets is beneficial to whole body health, not just liver health. Essential Fats for My Dog’s Diet 4) Eggs Eggs are sources of choline, and this nutrient is particularly useful to the liver. Most choline is metabolized in the liver where it is converted into phosphatidylcholine, which assists in building fat-carrying proteins and breaking down cholesterol. True choline deficiencies have regularly been linked to liver disease. Whilst eggs are a good source, you will also find choline in beef, beef liver, chicken, fish, shiitake mushrooms, and cruciferous vegetables like broccoli and brussels sprouts. If you would like to learn more about the nutrients to support liver health in your dog, check out our blog here: Foods to Feed in Liver Disease And if you would like to learn more about conditions that can affect your dog’s liver, check out our blog here: Natural Guide to Liver Disease If you are concerned about your dog’s health and would like to speak with us, then please check out our services. Thanks for reading, MPN Team
