Here at My Pet Nutritionist, we use a combination of healthy diets tailored to your pet’s needs, alongside beneficial gut-friendly herbs, and nutraceuticals. These supplementary additions often come with hosts of benefits, when used in the correct way, for a specific purpose. We often get asked about the various herbs and nutraceuticals we recommend in various blog posts and in our recipes and supplements – you can learn more about some of these here! What Are Gut Healing Herbs? Herbs high in mucilage are often known as the ‘gut healing herbs’. These herbs are usually considered to be a source of prebiotics – food for probiotics; however these herbs have another very important function when it comes to gut health! Mucilage is a soluble dietary fibre, which produces a mucus-like substance which lines the gut wall. When the gut wall is lined with this slimy textured substance, it forms a protective barrier to reduce the risk of further gut damage, and allow the gut to heal. Inflammation is then reduced due to lack of irritation. Mucilage has a fantastic soothing effect on the digestive tract too – those with acid reflux, or having recovered from illnesses like kennel cough which may cause throat irritation may find a powdered form best, due to the soothing effect of the mucilage in these herbs. As an additional benefit of these popular gut healing herbs, the mucilage can increase digestive performance resulting in better stools; this is due to the mucilage adding bulk to the stool (reducing constipation), aiding water absorption, and increasing gut motility. Some studies also suggest that mucilage rich herbs may reduce the build up of cholesterol, and aid the regulation of blood sugar levels. Frequently used mucilage herbs include slippery elm, marshmallow root, and deglycyrrhizinated liquorice root – we will look closer at these later. Findings Here Findings Here What Are Nutraceuticals? Nutraceuticals are components of foods that bring benefit to health. You may often come across plant based supplements for pets; these are packed full of nutraceuticals! Functional foods are also classed as nutraceuticals. Many nutraceuticals enhance basic nutrition, whereas some provide medicinal properties. Some benefits of using carefully selected nutraceuticals include improved overall health, prevention of chronic disease, increased longevity and all round structural support for the body. The term ‘nutraceutical’ is a combination of the words ‘nutrition’ and ‘pharmaceutical’ – meaning they share the same properties as pharmaceuticals, but are acquired through nutrition Functional herbs, antioxidants, probiotics, vitamins and minerals are all examples of the categories most commonly encountered in the world of pet nutrition. We will delve into these categories in terms of nutraceuticals later. Findings Here Findings Here When Should We Use Gut Healing Herbs and Nutraceuticals? A question we often hear at My Pet Nutritionist, is “should we be giving any supplements?” – and our answer is always “if your pet could benefit from a carefully selected supplement, then absolutely!”. It is important not to needlessly add lots of different nutraceuticals and gut healing herbs to your dog’s diet, unless they require/could benefit from it. When it comes to giving mucilage herbs, these can be incredibly beneficial in situations where gut damage is apparent. Situations a mucilage herb may be beneficial include: Allergies: due to an immune malfunction Intolerances: due to gut damage or leaky gut syndrome Following vaccines, worm or flesa treatment: these products are very damaging on the gut, so gut healing may be necessary. Acid reflux: soothes the digestive tract and reduces the risk of acid reflux Upset stomach or constipation: these herbs help to rectify loose or solid stools when needed. Great to have in the first aid cupboard! When looking at nutraceuticals, we need to look at the symptoms your dog or cat is displaying, alongside gaining a diagnosis from your veterinarian. Some types of illnesses you may use nutraceuticals for include: Joint issues Skin issues Digestive issues Cognitive health issues (anxiety etc) Vision issues As brilliant as nutraceuticals can be as part of your pet’s health regime, many do come with some contraindications with pharmaceuticals your pet may need. Contraindications are negative interactions with drugs – these interactions can often cause downregulation of the drugs themselves, leaving your pet vulnerable to disease progression. An example of this is curcumin – the active compound in turmeric. It is fantastic for joint support/arthritis, cardiovascular function, reducing inflammation, eradicating free radicals, immune support, cognitive ability and cancer prevention. The reduction in pain in those who take curcumin is vast; however some individuals may require pain pharmaceutical pain relief for their condition. Curcumin is known to downregulate the effects of some pharmaceutical analgesics, as well as various other drugs. It is always best to check with your veterinarian before starting a new nutraceutical, if your pet is on pharmaceutical drugs. Findings Here Findings Here Popular Gut Healing Herbs The three most popular gut healing herbs can all be found inside our Gut Guardian supplement, along with probiotics and chamomile. Lets take a closer look at these mucilage herbs! Marshmallow Root: this is a sweet smelling and tasting herb derived from the Althaea officinalis plant. When combined with water, it immediately forms a thick, slimy substance due to it’s high mucilage content. Traditionally, marshmallow root is used in cases of digestive or respiratory issues, and also topically to soothe skin issues. As well as being high in mucilage, it also contains high amounts of antioxidants, anti-inflammatory properties, and antibacterial properties. slippery elm: like marshmallow root, slippery elm produces a slimy substance when combined with water. It originates from the inner bark of the slippery elm tree (Ulmus rubra), and is often used to treat digestive issues, and sore throats by lining the oesophagus. DGL (deglycyrrhizinated liquorice): this herb increases mucous production in the body, which helps line the stomach, reducing the risk of harm caused by acid. DGL is thought to have properties to treat ulcers too! Findings Here Findings Here Findings Here Popular Nutraceuticals There are many nutraceuticals used in the
Malabsorption is something we see fairly frequently in dogs here at My Pet Nutritionist. It can be quite scary for pet owners to witness, but there may be some things we can recommend to help these pets. This blog post will explain what malabsorption is, what causes it, and how you can support the body through diet and supplements. What is Malabsorption? Malabsorption is a condition that affects the patient’s ability to efficiently absorb nutrients from food sources. The dog may be consuming a perfectly balanced diet, but still unable to benefit from the nutrition it provides. This is down to underlying problems between the small intestine, and the pancreas; these underlying problems can be a multitude of ailments, so further investigation into potential underlying issues is paramount and working with your veterinarian to discover these, is important. Regular visitors to our blog, may notice we often list breeds who are commonly predisposed to each condition we talk about, however when it comes to malabsorption, there is no specific breed predisposed. This is down to the fact that different breeds will be predisposed to different underlying conditions, and it very much depends on the condition diagnosed, which is causing the malabsorption. Symptoms of Malabsorption There are a variety of symptoms you may notice if your dog has malabsorption. Here are some of them: Pica (consumption of unusual/inedible items) Weight loss, often rapid Lethargy and fatigue Insatiable appetite/extreme hunger Loose stools and gurgling stomach Flactulance Nausea and vomiting Reduced coat condition If these symptoms are present in your dog, please seek veterinary advice as soon as possible as investigations are the important first step in helping your dog with malabsorption. Findings Here Causes of Malabsorption There are many underlying conditions which could lead to malabsorption. We will go through some of these, and give a brief description of each one. You may wish to take this article with you to your veterinary appointment as some of the conditions are not routinely tested for. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Inflammatory Bowel Disease is something we talk about, and see a lot here at My Pet Nutritionist. It seems to be very common in lots of dogs who have poor gut health. Those with IBD have inflamed bowels due to the penetration of cytokines and inflammatory cells to the gut and stomach, causing an abnormal immune response. This then has an effect on the lymphatic system, which in severe cases causes Lymphoplasmacytic Gastritis. When the digestive system is inflamed, nutrient absorption becomes very difficult, causing malabsorption. You can read more about severe IBD here. Findings Here Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) We see a lot of patients with SIBO. Those suffering with bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine will often suffer with malabsorption. This major imbalance in the microbiome means that some bad bacteria out-competes the good bacteria required as part of a health microbiome. The bad bacteria, of which there are too many in those with SIBO, often release toxins, and massively interfere with the absorption of nutrients. Findings Here Findings Here Intestinal Blockage Blockages of the intestine are a very common cause of malabsorption. These often go unnoticed, especially if owners don’t realise their dog has swallowed something undigestible, or if the dog is unable to tolerate bone as part of their raw diet. When the bowel is obstructed, food is unable to pass through the intestine, and therefore nutrients are not absorbed from the food, leading to severe weight loss, as part of malabsorption. Blockages causing malabsorption require surgery for removal. Findings Here Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency (EPI) This disease is a severe one, and is often not checked for routinely by veterinarians. It may be something to bring up with your vet during your appointment, as though its relatively rare, we are starting to see a few more cases here and there. Your vet may need to do some reading up on it before advising. EPI is occurs due to the pancreas producing less digestive enzymes than needed. Because there is a deficiency in digestive enzymes, foods consumed are not appropriately digested, and therefore nutrients are not absorbed, causing rapid weight loss, large volumes of poor stools, pica, and a variety of other symptoms of malabsorption. This condition is not curable, and dogs diagnosed with it will require regular veterinary check ups, and daily enzyme supplements. Findings Here Findings Here Parasitic Burdens Parasites are another fairly common cause of malabsorption because the parasites compromise the health of the gut, and also syphon nutrients for themselves. Severe infestations of intestinal parasites, or severe cases of giardiasis (where cysts form on the gut following infection from the protozoan parasite Giardia) can lead to malabsorption and severe malnutrition, causing many of the symptoms listed above. It is important to send a faecal sample to a faecal testing laboratory on a regular basis, preferably every 12 weeks, to catch any worm eggs or juvenile worms before large infestations are able to occur. Regular natural worm prevention is also essential for those who tolerate it. You can learn more about natural pest control in our blog here. Findings Here Food Sensitivities Food sensitivities are probably the most common ailments in our customer’s dogs. We deal with a huge number of dogs with food sensitivities, many of which have weight loss as a symptom. Food intolerances are generally coupled with poor gut health, especially cases linked to Leaky Gut Syndrome, whereby the integrity of the gut wall is compromised. When the gut is in bad condition, the microbiome becomes unbalanced, making nutrient absorption tricky. Findings Here Intestinal Growths and Tumours Much like those with an intestinal blockage due to consumption of inedible items, growths and tumours in the intestinal tract are a blockage risk. When these growths or tumours develop and grow, they can create a total blockage of the intestine, which stops nutrients from being absorbed efficiently. While these can be removed by surgery in many cases, some require part of the bowel to removed
Graves Disease is an autoimmune disease involving the endocrine (hormone) system, specifically the thyroid, which we see from time to time here at My Pet Nutritionist. It can be a worrisome diagnosis for any pet owner, and it’s important that owners of pets with Graves Disease understand what it is, and how they can tailor their pet’s diet and lifestyle to keep on top of symptoms; which ultimately extends their pet’s comfort. That’s where we come in, to provide you our Ultimate Guide to Graves Disease in Pets. What is Graves Disease? Graves Disease is the non-clinical, or common, name for autoimmune Hyperthyroidism. You may have heard about Hypothyroidism quite regularly on social media and other platforms where pet owners connect, particularly on dog based platforms; but you may not have seen much discussion on Hyperthyroidism. Graves Disease is rare, but possible, in dogs but tends to be more of a frequent trouble for our feline companions. It can be found in us humans, too! So what exactly is Graves Disease? What happens when your pet has it? If you want the short answer, the thyroid gland in your pet is overactive – it’s working over time! We feel it’s important to understand more about it though, so read on! Graves Disease is an autoimmune condition. Autoimmunity tends to occur due to a damaged immune system, or in individuals with a genetically compromised immune system. The body essentially attacks itself, as it recognises various proteins and other substances in the body, as foreign. The thyroid is a gland which produces various hormones, essential for a healthy life. The hormones produced and secreted by the thyroid are called triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4) – these help regulate the body’s metabolic rate. When there is a deficiency in these hormones, important bodily processes slow down, which causes a host of health issues. Now, when these hormones are too abundant, effects on the body can be equally as disruptive. We will discuss symptoms next. Symptoms of Graves Disease There are various symptoms of Graves Disease which you may notice in your cat or dog. Let’s take a look at some of the main symptoms: Weight loss, often rapid Diarrhoea Nausea/vomiting Swelling of the neck and face Increased urination Increased drinking Increased appetite Difficulty swallowing Shortness of breath and increases heart rate Change in pitch of bark Reduced eyesight capabilities Behavioural changes, including anxiety depression, and/or hyperactivity. Causes of Graves Disease The cause of Graves Disease is very much unknown. There is very little research into the causes of Graves Disease. It is often describes as ‘idiopathic’, meaning there’s no known cause. Some studies suggest that one known cause of Graves Disease in dogs (though rare) is as a result of a rapidly spreading cancer, called thyroid carcinoma. In cats, some cases of Graves Disease are secondary to a non-cancerous tumour forming on the thyroid gland called Adenomas. Like in dogs, in rare occasions, malignant tumours known as adenocarcinomas can cause the development of Graves Disease by causing the over production of hormones. It is possible that deficiencies in the diet may contribute to onset of Hyperthyroidism, as well as exposure to chemicals and toxins absorbed by the body, including flea and tick products which are toxins, and end up in the bloodstream, which disrupts the normal functioning of the thyroid. Diagnosing Graves Disease The first step in a diagnosis of Graves Disease, is a physical examination of the neck area of your pet. The purpose of this, is to feel for an enlarged thyroid gland. Secondly, the vet will take a blood sample to test for hormone levels in the blood. If the reading comes back with a value higher than the ideal’ threshold for each hormone, it’s very likely your pet has Graves Disease. If the T3 readings are high, but the T4 readings are ideal, more tests may be required, which would be discussed with the vet. These tests may include further bloodwork, and a urinalysis, which will show potential secondary defects to the heart and kidneys. As the thyroid is involved hormonally with the vast majority of the body’s organs, imperfect bloodwork in relation to other organs, could help show a problem with the thyroid. Conventional Treatments As always, here at My Pet Nutritionist, we like owners to be able to make an informed choice with their dog’s health, and encourage the use of conventional treatments where necessary in life potentially endangering situations, and situations where quality of life becomes the biggest importance. This is of course, alongside as much natural support as possible, and feeding a fresh, therapeutic diet. More on this later – let’s take a look at the conventional treatments your veterinarian may offer. There are various approaches which may be taken. As carcinomas are one of the most common, treatable reasons a dog or cat may have Hyperthyroidism, most are based around treating the cancer. Radioactive Iodine Therapy Radioactive Iodine Therapy is fairly common in practices which offer it as a treatment. The radioactive iodine is injected into the bloodstream, which makes its way to the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland takes the iodine up, causing radiation to be emitted. The emitted radiation then destroys any cancerous tissues around the thyroid, but does not cause any damage further afield. This treatment often results in normal levels of hormone production within mere weeks of the injection, making it extremely effective in curing hyperthyroidism. This treatment option has to be undertaken in a specialist veterinary hospital with licencing to carry and use radioactive substances. The pet must also be kept in the surgery until their levels of radiation are safe for handling. Findings Here Findings Here Medication Some drugs may be offered, to inhibit the production and release of hormones from the thyroid. As the thyroid is overactive, slowing it down is imperative to managing Graves Disease. This method will not cure, but can support the pet in reducing flare ups and secondary health implications. Being the
Being a fairly common health complaint in dogs, particularly larger breeds of dog, here at My Pet Nutritionist we feel it’s important to understand what Laryngeal Paralysis is, what it looks like, what causes it, and how to support the body. We will discuss all these points in this blog! What is Laryngeal Paralysis? Laryngeal Paralysis is a disease which involves the Larynx; commonly known as the ‘voice box’. The larynx is a box-like structure which connects the throat to the windpipe (trachea); and is comprised of various plates of cartilage known as ‘Arytenoid Cartilages’, housing the vocal cords. As well as enabling vocalization in all mammalian species, the Larynx closes off the top of the trachea to ensure food and water are not inhaled. When an animal takes a deep breath, the larynx opens wider to allow for more air to be taken in. The larynx is surrounded by muscles called ‘Laryngeal muscles’ which help keep it stable. As with all muscles, if the nerves inside become damaged, it causes the muscle to relax. If the laryngeal muscles become weakened or paralysed due to nerve damage, the cartilage of the larynx will collapse inwards, as the cartilage is no longer stabilised by the muscles. When the muscles are weak or paralysed and the larynx collapses, this is called Laryngeal Paralysis. Laryngeal paralysis can be congenital (present at birth), hereditary (passed on genetically through generations) or acquired (due to trauma or as a knock-on effect from other health conditions). Like many conditions, some breeds are at a higher risk of developing Laryngeal Paralysis than others. Generally speaking, this disease affects larger breeds of dog. Most commonly affected, is the Labrador Retriever. Different breeds are more commonly affected by different types of Laryngeal Paralysis. Breeds most at risk of acquired Laryngeal Paralysis, usually in middle aged to older dogs: Labrador Retriever Great Dane Irish Setter Newfoundland St. Bernard Breeds most at risk of hereditary and congenital Laryngeal Paralysis: Leonberger Bouvier des Flandres Siberian Husky Bulldogs (various types) Studies also show a higher risk of developing Laryngeal Paralysis for neutered male dogs over entire males, or entire/neutered females. Findings Here Findings Here Findings Here Symptoms There are many symptoms for Laryngeal Paralysis; let’s take a look! Excessive/Noisy Panting Dogs with the condition will likely pant more than is normal for that dog, especially during humid weather and when stressed or after exercise, and this panting is often quite noisy. Lethargy They may become lethargic or wish not to exercise as a result of Laryngeal Paralysis. Change in Bark Many owners notice a change in the dog’s bark; just like in humans when one’s voice may change, a dog’s bark also has the capability to change if they have a collapsed larynx. Choking, Coughing or Gagging When eating or taking a drink, the dog may choke, cough or gag – this is due to the windpipe not being fully shut off from the throat, and the width of the larynx being extremely narrow. Coughing may mechanically force the larynx to open and allow food and water to enter. As drinking and eating becomes more difficult, those suffering with Laryngeal Paralysis are also more susceptible to Aspiration Pneumonia. Behavioural Anxiety You may notice an increase in behavioural anxiety due to the feeling of vulnerability, as well as respiratory distress due to the narrow opening of the collapsed larynx. Dehydration As water intake becomes more difficult for those suffering with the disease due to the narrow opening, the dog may become dehydrated. Gums will become greyish, dark red or purple due to lack of proper blood circulation as a result of dehydration. The gums also become tacky when the dog is dehydrated. Difficulty Thermoregulating Dogs with Laryngeal Paralysis are more susceptible to heatstroke, even in mildly warm temperatures, is another symptom of Laryngeal Paralysis, and can result in collapse. If your pet is showing signs of heatstroke (vomiting, shaking, seizures, lethargy, panting, glassy eyes, agitated whining, drooling, accelerated heart rate, unconsciousness) it’s imperative to seek veterinary care immediately (though don’t put your dog in a hot car!). Your dog may display multiple of the above symptoms of varying degree. Diagnosis So, how would the vet diagnose Laryngeal Paralysis? There are a few routes to diagnosis of Laryngeal Paralysis, but all will start off by looking at the medical history of the dog, and clinical presentations. Some vets may run X-rays of the chest to rule out problems within the chest cavity, and run blood panels, and urinalysis to rule out infection before examination of the Larynx itself. To avoid sedation, there is evidence to suggest that a suitable method of formal diagnostic testing for Laryngeal Paralysis is by performing an echolaryngography, through the use of ultrasound. Large dogs can be tested on the floor or table, while smaller breeds can happily reside on the lap of the sonographer to reduce risk of false results due to stress. Echolaryngography is a safe, and effective way to diagnose Laryngeal Paralysis. Findings Here Findings Here Another common method, used to diagnose lightly sedated dogs in order to reduce risk of false results due to full anaesthesia (which may cause the laryngeal muscles to relax), is through a transnasal laryngoscopy, where a video endoscope tube is inserted through the nostrils and down the throat to have a good visual of the larynx working. Studies prove this method to be as accurate as a traditional laryngoscopy, whereby the patient may require heavier sedation due to potential gag reflexes following intubation by mouth. Findings Here Findings Here Findings Here Causes Trauma Trauma to the neck area is often a cause of Laryngeal Paralysis. This can be through repeated use of unsuitable training tools which constrict around the neck, poorly fitting flat collars on dogs who pull, or even through freak accidents involving the neck area such as dog bites and subsequent deep wounds. We see many dogs who sadly develop Laryngeal Paralysis following a general anaesthetic; likely due
Iodine is an extremely important mineral to include in your dog’s diet. It has many uses in the body and is the backbone of many bodily functions. At My Pet Nutritionist, we understand the importance of micronutrients, and strive to educate pet owners in how to feed their pets with maximum health benefits. Let’s look at what roles iodine plays in the body, and where it can be found. The Role of Iodine in the Body Iodine is a trace mineral which cannot be made by the body. As it is so important, and cannot be produced by the body, it must be consumed in the diet of all mammals. Iodine is essential for healthy functioning of the thyroid. The hormones used by the thyroid, thyroxine and triiodothyronine, cannot be made without iodine. These hormones support a healthy metabolism, as well as protein creation and keeping enzymatic functions under control in the body. Linked to the support of enzymes, an iodine rich diet enables the body to use calorific intake as energy instead of being stored as fat. While doing this, iodine also helps rid the body of harmful heavy metals like Mercury. Iodine can also aid cancer prevention by causing a process called ‘Apoptosis’ to occur. Apoptosis is the self-destruction of cancerous cells. Acting as an antioxidant stimulator is another of iodine’s roles in the body, and in turn helps keep the immune system strong. If we compare canines to humans with regards to iodine turnover in the thyroid, the turnover of iodine in the canine is far more rapid than that in the human. Dogs are not as good at conserving iodine stores as humans are, and also deposit more in faecal waste, making iodine consumption extremely important. Findings Here Findings Here Sources of Iodine Iodine is found in the highest amounts in sea dwelling vegetation, and animal based proteins. The amount of iodine in different sea vegetable based supplements varies, so it’s important to choose one with a good amount of iodine, but not too high an amount. Findings Here Kelp Seaweed – dried – 6635mcg per 5g Wakame Seaweed – dried – 210mcg per 5g Nori Seaweed – dried – 116mcg per 5g Cod – cooked – 186mcg per 100g Oysters – cooked – 109mcg per 100g Eggs – cooked – 26mcg per egg Beef Liver – cooked – 16mcg per 100g Prawns – cooked – 15mcg per 100g Leafy greens – steamed – 8.8mcg per 100g Low Fat Fish Iodine Deficiencies There are numerous health issues caused by a lack of sufficient amounts of iodine in the diet. Let’s explore those. Hypothyroidism Hypothyroidism is caused by a deficiency of the thyroid hormones, which is caused by a deficiency of iodine in the diet. Iodine is a huge part of the synthesis of thyroxine and triiodothyronine, so with a lack of it, these hormones cannot be produced in the amounts required by the thyroid to avoid hypothyroidism. Symptoms of hypothyroidism include weight gain due to decreased metabolic rate, difficulty regulating body temperature/warming up, baldness/excess shedding, lethargy, and other skin related issues. One study also suggests a link between hypothyroidism and behavioural changes, but this is an avenue not fully explored yet. Some commercially prepared diets have been shown to lack the correct amount of iodine a dog needs, vs home cooked with and without suitable iodine supplements added, so no matter what you feed, if any of the symptoms above are present in your dog, you may wish to book a consultation with one of our team. Read more about Hypothyroidism here. Findings Here Findings Here Cancer Iodine deficiency seems to stimulate follicular cell-derived thyroid cancer. It may not be the base cause of the cancer itself (known as the ‘initiator’) but certainly stimulates carcinogenesis. Thyroxine therapy is often used in thyroid cancer cases, to suppress the cancer. Studies show carefully supplemented diets with sufficient iodine content result in less serious cases of thyroid cancers. Findings Here Findings Here Studies also show links between cancers of the breast and iodine deficiency. Treating canine mammary cancer with iodine alongside antineoplastic drugs is proven to be very effective. Findings Here Goiters Goiters are swellings of the thyroid gland, which present clinically as a lump in the throat. Often a direct result of an iodine deficiency, goiters can be rectified by increasing the amount of iodine in the diet. Goiters can also be caused by hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, or even thyroid disease, so its important to seek veterinary attention. Findings Here Can You Give Too Much Iodine? The short answer is … yes! There are numerous studies on dogs given too much iodine, and iodine toxicity is a condition to be mindful of. At My Pet Nutritionist, of course we recommend a well balanced fresh diet, whether that is raw or cooked, as per our recipes, however if you are feeding a commercially prepared dry food, be mindful that the food may either lack, have the correct amount of, or even exceed the required amount of iodine for your dog; we just don’t know! Hyperthyroidism is a risk when the dog has too much iodine in the diet. Symptoms of hyperthyroidism include weight loss due to a vast increase in metabolic rate, swelling of the neck/thyroid gland, excessive urination, excessive thirst, excessive defecation, and choking/vomiting. Read more about Hyperthyroidism here. Findings Here If you have any worries about your pet’s diet, or want to improve their diet, please don’t hesitate to book a consultation with one of our team! Team MPN x
Mast cell tumour (MCT) represents a cancer of a type of blood cell normally involved in the body’s response to allergens and inflammation. When they occur on the skin, MCTs vary widely in appearance. They can be a raised lump or bump on or just under the skin, and may be red, ulcerated, or swollen. In addition, many owners will report a waxing and waning size of the tumour, which can occur spontaneously, or can be produced by agitation of the tumour, causing degranulation. Before we explore this tumour in more detail, lets take a look at mast cell function. Mast Cells Mast cells are found in mucosal and epithelial tissues throughout the body. They are involved in the regulation of variety of physiological functions, including: vasodilation formation of new blood cells bacterial and parasite elimination In addition, mast cells regulate the function of many cell types, such as: dendritic cells macrophages T cells B cells fibroblasts eosinophils endothelial cells epithelial cells Since mast cells generate and release potent molecules, such as histamine, proteases, prostanoids, leukotrienes, heparin, and many cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, they have the capacity to be involved in regulating the functions of many organs and tissues. Mast cells also play a significant role in the regulation of bone growth, remodelling, and mineral homeostasis. Mast Cell Tumours When mast cells undergo malignant transformation (become cancerous), mast cell tumours (MCTs) are formed. Prevalence Several epidemiological studies from many countries point out that MCTs have a high frequency in dogs. It is the third most common tumour subtype, and is the most common malignant skin tumour, accounting for 11% of skin cancer cases. Breed Predisposition Some breeds are predisposed to MCT development, including: Boxer Bull Terrier French Bulldog Golden Retriever Labrador Retriever Shar-pei Dachshund On the other hand, some breeds present a lower risk of MCT development, including: German Shepherd Chihuahua Poodle Yorkshire Terrier Cocker Spaniel Recent studies also sought to correlate the breed predisposition to the biological behaviour of MCT, and suggest that Pug and Boxer dogs are more prone to tumours with less aggressive behaviour, while the shar-pei tends to develop more aggressive tumours. Sexual Predisposition To date, no sexual predisposition has been considered. Age Predisposition MCT can develop at any age, but it is more common in adult to older animals. Risk Factors: chronic inflammation in the skin, exposure to irritating compounds, c-KIT gene (KIT) mutation Associated Symptoms: delayed wound healing coagulation abnormalities hypotension and circulatory collapse may also occur Gastrointestinal complications are also seen, including ulceration. It is thought this is due to the high blood levels of histamine that stimulate the H2 receptor on parietal cells, resulting in excessive production of gastric acid and increased gastric motility. Gastrointestinal ulcerations are observed in 35–83% of canines affected by MCTs. You may notice black, tarry stools in this case. Conventional Treatment Options: Surgery Anti-cancer medications Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors But, if we are to explore this tumour in all its glory, we must look to the risk factors. Chronic inflammation in the skin It would be wise to consider current skin health, and whether there may be high levels of inflammation. Is your dog itching? Is there an unmanaged sensitivity? Things to Think About: Skin Health Does My Pet’s Skin Have its Own HPA Axis? Tackling Atopic Dermatitis in Pets Exposure to irritating compounds We talk at length about reducing our pet’s exposure to irritating compounds. Here we are considering all exposure, whether its diet, flea/worm treatments, cleaning products in the home or others found in the environment. Check out some of our blogs for more information: Is Your Toxic Home Affecting Your Pet? How Does My Dog Manage Toxin Exposure? c-KIT gene (KIT) mutation This gene encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase that binds stem cell factor in canine mast cells. Mutations drive uncontrolled cell survival and proliferation, which is related to MCT development and progression. We can’t escape that many cancers have a genetic element. At one time we thought genes were destiny, but we are learning more and more that genes load the gun, and the environment pulls the trigger. We can to some extent modulate gene expression, through lifestyle and therefore diet. How Nutrition Affects Your Pet’s Genes In addition, we have some general considerations to make regarding cancer, no matter where it is in the body. Immunity and Diet Supplements Lifestyle Keto For Cancer If you are currently managing an MCT diagnosis and would like to support your dog’s journey, check out our services to see how we can help. Thanks for reading, MPN Team
In our last blog we considered the importance of minerals for your dog’s health, but we only got so far. There are further minerals, ones we deem trace minerals, which are also important to optimal health. So, let’s get cracking. Chromium Within human realms, chromium is mostly talked about for its role in modulating blood glucose levels. It is considered that chromium acts as a cofactor that can enhance the effects of insulin on target tissues. In states of chromium deficiency, abnormal glucose utilisation results along with increased insulin demands. Findings Here Along with potentiating the action of insulin, chromium increases uptake of amino acids into muscle, heart, and liver and enhances protein synthesis. It also plays a role in regulating blood lipids. Increased Risk of Deficiency: Diets high in sugars and refined carbohydrates (results in increased urinary excretion of chromium) Increased stress (physical activity, infection, trauma or illness) Pregnancy Ageing Sources of Chromium: Broccoli Turkey Chicken Brewer’s Yeast Cobalt One of the things you may not have realised about Cobalt is that it is an integral part of Vitamin B12 (cobalamin – get it?). Why Your Dog Needs Vitamin B12 Cobalt is therefore essential for the function of cells. It is involved in the production of red blood cells and the production of antibacterial and antiviral compounds that prevent infections. This mineral plays a key role in the metabolism of fats and carbohydrates as well as the synthesis of proteins and conversion of folate in their active form. In the nervous system, cobalt also plays a role in the prevention of demyelination, which is a condition that results in damage to the membrane that covers the nerve fibres in the brain and spinal cord. This ensures efficient nerve transmission. Copper Copper has a number of functions throughout the body including: Energy production in mitochondria Mobilisation and transfer or iron from storage sites to the bone marrow Synthesis of collagen and elastin in connective tissue Acts as an antioxidant (as zinc/copper superoxide dismutase) Supports synthesis of melanin in the skin Synthesis of adrenaline and noradrenaline in the nervous system Breakdown of serotonin, histamine and dopamine Increased Risk of Deficiency: High intakes of supplemental iron, molybdenum, or zinc Prolonged use of proton pump inhibitors (acid reducers) Gastrointestinal disorders (chronic diarrhoea, inflammatory bowel disease) Increased levels of oxidative stress (air pollution, toxin exposure) Signs of Deficiency: Anaemia Increased vulnerability to oxidative damage Reduced immune responses Abnormal skeletal growth Changes and loss of hair and skin pigmentation Lethargy Excessive copper build-up in the liver can cause liver disease in some dogs. Common breeds of dog that are affected include Bedlington terriers, Labrador retrievers, and Dalmatians. There are clear genetic implications found in Bedlington Terriers which prevents normal copper excretion. Three forms of the disease occur: (i) asymptomatic – in which signs are yet to develop, (ii) acute -seen in dogs up to six years of age, with the sudden onset of severe illness shown as depression, anorexia (not eating) vomiting and possibly jaundice (yellowing of mucous membranes, whites of eyes and skin), and (iii) chronic – seen in middle-aged dogs with signs of chronic liver damage and sometimes failure which may show vomiting, weight loss, jaundice and abdominal swelling. It is considered that many commercial dog foods report total copper levels as higher than recommended, and some home-made diets may not furnish adequate amounts of copper. Findings Here That said, data indicates that copper absorption is greater when diets are animal protein rather than plant protein. Findings Here Iodine An essential mineral, iodine is used by the thyroid gland to make thyroid hormones that control many functions in the body including growth and development. If you would like to learn more about the thyroid gland and the conditions that often affect it, check out our blogs here: Hypothyroidism Hyperthyroidism Hyperthyroidism in Cats Iodine can only be obtained from diet or in supplemental form. Of interest, concurrent deficiencies in selenium, iron or vitamin A may exacerbate the effects of iodine deficiency. Seaweed like wakame are rich in iodine, but other sources include eggs and poultry. Iron Functions: Oxygen transport Oxygen storage as myoglobin Energy production Cofactor for multiple enzymes Production of neurotransmitters and thyroid hormone There are two sources of iron, haem, and non-haem. Haem is found primarily in meat and meat products where non-haem is found in plants. Haem is generally well-absorbed, whereas non-haem absorption is largely affected by other factors. Common inhibitors of iron absorption are phytates, tannins, starch, and proton pump inhibitors. The body has three unique mechanisms for maintaining iron balance and preventing deficiency and overload: Storage of iron Reutilisation of iron Regulation of iron absorption Iron from food is mainly absorbed in the duodenum. Iron can be in ferrous state (Fe2+) or ferric state (Fe3+). Fe3+ is not directly absorbed, but Fe2+ is easily absorbed. In the intestine, Fe3+ is converted by ferric reductases into Fe2+. When required by the body, iron is transported by transferrin to bone marrow and other tissues. Iron is required for the transport of oxygen, oxygen storage in muscle and is also a component of energy production. After absorption, any iron that isn’t needed, is stored as ferritin in the liver, spleen, or bone marrow. During times of high need, iron is then released. Most of the iron in the body is contained within red blood cells. Red blood cells have been noted to have a life span of around 110-120 days but when they reach the end of their life span, they release iron. The resultant liberated iron can be reused to produce new erythrocytes in bone marrow, stored as ferritin or released back into systemic circulation. Iron deficiency anaemia is the common condition associated with decreased iron levels, resulting in low circulating haemoglobin and reduced myoglobin. Iron deficiency is also associated with lower T and B lymphocyte, macrophage, and neutrophil function. Your Pet’s Immune System On the other side of the scale, iron toxicity is generally associated with supplementation. At a
If you have been following any nutrition nerds (including us here at My Pet Nutritionist) then you will have likely come across the terms macro and micronutrients. We tend to reference them more commonly in the human realms, but that doesn’t mean that they don’t also apply to our canine companions (and feline for that matter). When we mention macronutrients we are referencing those needed in larger amounts in the body and they encompass protein, fat and carbohydrates. When we consider micronutrients we are looking at vitamins and minerals. Despite them being needed in micro amounts, they are still biologically necessary to all functions in the body. So, let’s take a look at minerals in a little more detail and see why your dog needs them. What is a Mineral? A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic solid, with a definite chemical composition, and an ordered atomic arrangement. What on earth does this mean we hear you wonder? Well, let’s break it down. Minerals are naturally occurring, meaning they are not made by humans. They are inorganic, meaning they have never been alive. They are solid, meaning they are not liquid or gas. Each of them has a unique structure and arrangement which is how we know what they are. For the dog we are interested in 17 essential minerals. We have macrominerals which are needed in larger amounts and trace minerals which are needed in smaller amounts. Macrominerals Calcium You’ll likely be familiar with calcium as you were probably told to drink your milk so you would have strong teeth and bones. Calcium is the main structural component of skeleton and teeth, but it also plays a role in blood clotting. In addition, it is involved in the intracellular messaging triggering the contraction of muscle fibres. Calcium also plays a role in fat oxidation and it carries ATP (energy) with magnesium. There is an increased risk of deficiency in: Diets containing large quantities of phosphorus and sodium. Fat malabsorption (fat binds calcium, reducing absorption). Vitamin D deficiency. Diets containing large quantities of oxalates. Signs of Deficiency: Poor bone mineralisation, Muscle cramping and spasm, Increased irritability of nerve cells, Abnormal blood clotting and increased bleeding after trauma. Chloride Chloride is one of the most important electrolytes found in the blood. It plays a key role in controlling the amount of water and type of compounds that go in and out of cells. It therefore plays a crucial role in homeostasis. Chloride also contributes to muscle function and this includes the heart. This mineral helps red blood cells exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide too! Lastly, chloride supports digestive processes through its role in the production and release of hydrochloric acid in the stomach, and as we know, without this, foods won’t be properly digested and subsequently absorbed. Low levels of chloride are usually found alongside existing health issues which result in electrolyte imbalances. Sources of Chloride: Himalayan Salt Seaweed Magnesium Here at My Pet Nutritionist, we have a thing about Magnesium, for good reason. If you want to know more about this trusty mineral, then check out our full blog here: Why Is Magnesium So Important to Your Pet But the one often forgotten role of magnesium is the part it plays in energy, so we’ll do a recap. The bottom line is that insufficient micronutrient intake results in poor ATP production in the mitochondria. Remember that ATP is the currency of energy and the mitochondria is the powerplant of the cell, where it all happens. Magnesium and copper are star minerals for making ATP and without enough ATP or energy, the body hasn’t got enough resources to do what it needs to! In addition, a deficiency in magnesium can lead to mitochondrial damage. Signs and Symptoms of Deficiency: Muscle cramps and spasms Anorexia, nausea, vomiting Arrythmias Sodium and water retention Impaired action of vitamin D Increased Risk of Deficiency: Diets emphasizing processed foods and refined grains (largely nutrient deplete) Strenuous training Periods of rapid growth Intestinal malabsorption Medications (diuretics, steroids, laxatives) As a note, magnesium deficiency has also been linked to increased inflammatory cytokines, so this is a consideration to make in any chronic inflammatory condition. Findings Here Phosphorus Phosphorus in mainly used for the growth and repair of body tissues – it is a component part of bones, teeth, RNA and DNA. In the form of phospholipids, phosphorus is also a component of cell membrane structure and of the body’s key energy source, ATP. Many proteins and sugars in the body are phosphorylated. In addition, phosphorus plays key roles in regulation of gene transcription, activation of enzymes, maintenance of normal pH in extracellular fluid, and intracellular energy storage. A range of foods contain phosphorus, mainly in the form of phosphates and phosphate esters. Phosphorus in seeds for example, is in the form of phytic acid, the storage form of phosphorus. Because many species intestines lack the phytase enzyme, much phosphorus in this form is unavailable for absorption. Low phosphorus levels in the body can include anorexia, anaemia, proximal muscle weakness, skeletal effects (bone pain, rickets, and osteomalacia), increased infection risk, ataxia, and confusion. But in most cases, hypophosphatemia (low phosphorus) is caused by existing health conditions, such as hyperparathyroidism, kidney disorders, and diabetic ketoacidosis. In cases of chronic kidney disease, their ability to excrete phosphorus becomes compromised. This is why low phosphorus diets are often recommended. Kidney Disease Potassium Another electrolyte, potassium is also involved in energy production and membrane excitability and transport. Throughout the body there are a number of functions that are potassium dependent. If potassium is deficient, these enzymes or proteins are unable to carry out their job as they should. For example, one heat shock cognate protein, involved in protein folding, autophagy, apoptosis and cell stability requires potassium to carry out these functions. In a deficit, cell senescence results, along with DNA damage, carcinogenesis, and neurodegeneration. Findings Here The bottom line is that potassium helps nerves and muscles to function correctly, it maintains a
Dogs are considered senior at half of their life expectancy. For some, this can come around a little earlier than expected. Are there changes we need to make as our dog ages? Well, there are always things we can do to support their health of our companion. Let’s take a look Aging is defined as the process of becoming older and whilst we still haven’t got to grips with the biological process in its entirety, there are some things we do know. Cells are thought to have a finite number of times they can replicate and divide. It is known as the Hayflick Limit. When a cell has reached that limit, it cannot divide anymore and will break down by programmed cell death. It is this limited capability that we see as aging. This programmed cell death usually occurs when telomeres (protective structures found at both ends of chromosomes) reach a critical length. It is therefore considered that telomere length serves as a biological clock. Telomere shortening occurs at every DNA replication – so if there is an increased need for cell replication, they will become shorter. This is why we are particularly interested here at My Pet Nutritionist, because there is such a high turnover of cells in the liver, gastrointestinal tract and skin (all parts of the body that we see many issues with). Shorter telomeres can also induce genomic instability and this sadly, is one of the leading factors in cancer. Cells have planned programmes to divide, replicate and ultimately die (apoptosis) – they get these messages from genes. When genes are unstable, their messages get a little like Chinese whispers and so the cells go rogue – dividing and replicating, but not dying. This aberrant growth is implicated in cancer. Diet can also affect telomeres. A diet contain omega-3 fatty acids is associated with a reduced rate of telomere shortening, Telomere length is positively associated with the consumption of nuts and fruits, Consumption of a diet including Vitamin E, Vitamin C and beta-carotene is also associated with longer telomeres – the inclusion of antioxidant compounds protects against oxidative damage. Dietary restriction also reduces oxidative burden, reducing damage to DNA – for this reason it is regularly associated with improved lifespans. In a study in Labrador retrievers, results indicated that 25 % restriction in food intake increased median life span and delayed the onset of signs of chronic disease. Findings Here The bottom line? The consumption of a whole-food, nutrient dense diet with the inclusion of omega-3 fatty acids is beneficial for the aging pet. Caloric restriction is also a consideration to make. On the other side of the scale, are there things that can negatively affect telomere length? Processed meats, high consumption of sugar over time and high intake of refined grains is negatively associated with telomere length. In short, the consumption of these foods is associated with shorter telomeres. If telomeres are shorter, the cell hits its limit sooner and carries out its programmed death sooner. Findings Here Cognitive Canine Dysfunction Cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder of senior dogs. It’s generally considered the dog version of Alzheimer Disease. It is thought that one third of senior dogs will show signs of confusion, restlessness, and less enjoyment of life. It is a result of a decline in higher brain functions, through degeneration. A variety of studies in the veterinary field have supported the proposal of nutritional manipulation, particularly with antioxidants as part of the treatment regime in cases of CDS and reported significant effects of modified diets. Evidence has demonstrated a place for the following nutrients: Antioxidants Alpha-Lipoic Acid Vitamin C Vitamin E L-Carnitine Co-enzyme Q10 EPA and DHA Phosphatidylserine It is considered that nutritional adjustment provided brain strengthening components, signalling enhancers, metabolic support, and antioxidants. Findings Here What was particularly interesting from the above study is that time spent active increased alongside the nutritional adjustment. Being sedentary is a shortcut to poor immune function largely due to lymph function. The Lymphatic System The lymphatic system is a network of vessels and nodes that spans the entire body. It is critical for health and for the immune system to function properly. Your Pet’s Immune System Both blood and lymphatic systems share many functional, structural, and anatomical similarities, but lymphatics are unique. Unlike the blood system, which is a closed loop with the heart actively pumping blood to oxygenate our tissues, lymphatics are open-ended. Movement of lymph is governed by rhythmic daily muscle movements propelling the fluid along network. The lymph fluid, called chyle, which contains immune cells, permeates every nook of the body. Movement of lymph fluid through the lymphatic vessels transports immune cells around the body, where they patrol all the remote corners of the body, keeping a lookout for anything untoward. The lymphatics also bring immune cells together in hubs of immune activity called lymph nodes. If the flow of lymph stops or becomes impaired, this vital immune surveillance and defence function can become compromised. And being sedentary sadly results in compromised lymph function. Therefore, movement for the aging dog is still important to support vital immune function. Within reason. We can’t hide from the fact that degenerative musculoskeletal issues are common in the aging dog, so care must be taken. Can Nutrition Support Joint Health What Is Pain and How to Look For It Obesity and Musculoskeletal Health in Dogs Natural Arthritis Guide and Herbs to Help Dogs You’ll be forgiven for thinking that lifestage nutrition is a bit of gimmick, but there’s no denying that the demands placed upon the body and brain are different across different life stages. For that reason, nutritional adjustment may be appropriate, depending on individual circumstances, lifestyle and health needs. If you would like further support for your aging or senior pet, then please check out our services to see if we may be able to help. Thanks for reading, Team MPN x
A diet we get asked about all the time here at My Pet Nutritionist, the Ketogenic diet isn’t always appropriate, but if it is, there are some hard and fast tips to follow. We thought we’d head on a whistle stop tour and give you what you need to know. The ketogenic diet is a low-carbohydrate, high-fat and moderate protein diet. In essence, it shifts the body’s energy fuel pathways. Healthy cells use carbohydrates or fats to produce energy. When carbohydrates are ingested, the body can either convert them to glucose for fuel, or it can store the glucose as glycogen in the liver or muscles. When fat is ingested, it too can be used for energy metabolism, but it can also be stored for a later time as triglycerides. When the body needs them, they are released as fatty acids which can fuel body movement, create heat and provide energy for body processes. If there is excessive oxidation of fatty acids, the cycle that is responsible for all of this gets a little overloaded, and the resulting compound is diverted to create ketone bodies. These ketone bodies can serve as a fuel source if glucose levels are too low in the body. Organs that have classically be thought to be dependent solely on glucose, like the brain, can in fact use ketones as an alternative energy source; it makes sense, above all, the brain needs to function when glucose is limited. The ketogenic diet has gained interest in epilepsy and cases of cancer, largely based on the Warburg theory whereby it was suggested that cancer cells have altered energy metabolism by way of increased glucose uptake. Findings Here A study of 21 epileptic dogs showed a 50% reduction in seizure frequency alongside a ketogenic diet. Findings Here That said, the ketogenic diet isn’t always as easy as thought. There are a number of considerations to make: Possible decrease in microbial diversity in the GI tract Potential nutrient shortfalls if not considered thoroughly Diarrhoea and constipation Generally, for dogs, a ketogenic diet can range from 69-90% fat, 9-30% protein and 1% carbohydrates. But true ketosis is generally achieved when the following are monitored: Macronutrient control and elimination of glucose Repeated testing (blood/ketone) Metabolic conditioning The bottom line? There is increasing evidence that a ketogenic diet has been of benefit in certain conditions, however, the true ratios will be dog dependent and for that reason we would advise any dietary plans to be developed alongside a qualified professional. Consultations However, we can use the basic premise of the ketogenic diet to support the health of our dogs. Top Tips for Dog Health from the Keto Ethos: 1) Keep Insulin Low Feed fat and protein and keep net carbs low. Net carbs are carbs minus their fibre content, so remember, fibre is a carby friend! 2) Keep Calories in Check Feed by eye – you want to see an hourglass figure from a birds-eye view. Feeding guidelines are just that – just because a calculator says you should feed that much, if your dog is looking chunky, reign it in! Feed for function, not for added (rounded) features! 3) Use Periodic Fasts Calorie restriction has been seen to add years to the lifespan! You can feed once per day, or limit feeding to a window (8 hours for example). You can also use 24 hour fasts periodically too! Fasting deserves a blog all on it’s own, so check back for more on this! 4) Reduce Inflammation Low carbs along with a calorie-controlled diet has been seen to reduce inflammation. 5)Keep Moving Most dogs will suffer from inactivity than too much exercise. Regular physical activity is known to regulate inflammatory responses in the body, support heart function and health, prevent telomere shortening (associated with aging), promote growth in brain cells and reduce risk of cognitive decline. If you would like any support creating a new dietary plan for your dog to address existing health concerns or simply to find what’s best for them at their stage of life, then please check out our services. What We Offer Thanks for reading, Team MPN x
Sadly, here at My Pet Nutritionist this is a condition that we are seeing more and more, so we thought we’d pop a blog together to explore, what it is, common causes and considerations to make. So, let’s get cracking. What is Cushing’s Disease? Cushing’s disease in dogs, also known as hyperadrenocorticism, is a condition where a dog’s body produces too much of the stress hormone cortisol. Hyper meaning too much, adreno meaning the adrenal gland and corticism refers to the outer part, or cortex of the adrenal gland. Cushing’s in dogs is the opposite to Addison’s disease, which is when the body doesn’t produce enough hormones. That’s a blog for another day. Both decreased and excessive production of this hormone can be life threatening. The role of Cortisol We tend to know about cortisol as the common stress hormone – but it tends to get a bad rap. Cortisol doesn’t cause stress, it’s just what is produced in response to it. Cortisol is a glucocorticoid (steroid hormone) that is produced from cholesterol in the adrenal glands located on top of each kidney. It is normally released in response to waking up, exercise and of course during stress. But cortisol also plays a role in nutrition. It is involved in energy regulation as it helps select the right type and amount of substrate (like fat or protein) the body needs to meet the physiological demands it is under. When chronically elevated it can have deleterious effects on weight, immune function, and subsequent chronic disease. One of the main functions of cortisol is to reduce inflammation in the body – which is great, but over time these efforts suppress immune function. Chronically elevated cortisol can lead to immune dysfunction which paves the way for sensitivities, and it also increases the risk of gastrointestinal issues. As you can see cortisol has wide ranging functions throughout the body, so it’s easy to see how Cushing’s Disease may not always be diagnosed straight away. Symptoms Include: Increased hunger Increased thirst Frequent urination Hair loss Slow hair regrowth Abdominal swelling (pot belly) Thinning skin or lesions Lethargy Excessive panting Skin Infections. Causes of Cushing’s Disease in Dogs Pituitary Gland Tumou The most common cause of Cushing’s disease is a tumour of the pituitary gland (which is located at the base of the brain). The tumour may be either benign (harmless) or malignant (cancerous). The tumour causes the pituitary gland to overproduce a hormone (ACTH) that stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol. You’ll also remember ACTH for it’s role in the stress response. As the pituitary gland produces more ACTH, it triggers the adrenal glands to produce more cortisol. Adrenal Gland Tumour Cushing’s disease may be the result of a benign or malignant tumour of the adrenal gland itself (adenoma or carcinoma, respectively). If the tumour is benign, surgical removal is considered. Excessive Cortisol from Prolonged Use of Steroids The third type of the disease is called Exogenous Cushing’s Disease. It is caused when there is excessive administration of an oral or injectable steroid. Although the steroids may have been given for a legitimate medical reason, in this case, their excess has become harmful. Glucocorticoids (GCs) are a group of drugs structurally and pharmacologically similar to the hormone cortisol with various functions including anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, anti-proliferative, and vaso-constrictive effects. They are often used as replacement therapy in cases of Addison’s Disease, but also as symptomatic treatment in cases of: Allergies Asthma Sickness/nausea Autoimmunity Chronic inflammatory disease like IBD Steroid-responsive dermatoses Arthritis Preterm delivery They are liked because as in cortisol’s natural role, glucocorticoids lead to suppression of the immune system and decreased inflammation. But the downstream effects of glucocorticoids include: Decreased cytokine production Decreased phagocytosis Decreased number of lymphocytes, macrophages, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils (all immune cells) And of course, the exogenous administration can lead to Cushing’s Disease. In these cases, collaboration with a qualified professional will establish whether steroid usage can be reduced safely. As noted, the most common cause of Cushing’s Disease is a tumour in the pituitary -so where does this come from? Tumours Generally, the first step to cells becoming cancerous is unusual DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) structure. DNA contains the instructions that us and our pets need to develop, live, and reproduce. These instructions are found in every cell and are passed down from parents to their offspring. Every cell must undergo growth, and then it must die. Each cell has a finite number of times it can reproduce, which is why we age. Cancer cells on the other hand, do not – they grow, the body is unable to kill them and so they continue to grow. DNA was largely considered destiny for many years and although DNA cannot be altered, it’s expression can. When our pets are born, they may have been given rogue genes that could cause cancer to grow, but their environment and lifestyle choices can help make that decision too. These choices can make cancer cells grow, or equally, prevent them from dying. Nutrition is, not surprisingly one of those choices to consider. The nutrients required for DNA replication include folate, vitamin B12, magnesium, zinc and iron. For the maintenance of DNA methylation and chromosome stability, the nutrients folate, vitamin B12 are of particular importance. To prevent DNA oxidation, provision of vitamin C, vitamin E, zinc, manganese, and selenium is necessary. For DNA damage sensing and repair, niacin, zinc, iron and magnesium are critical. Evidence suggests that deficiency in these micronutrients can increase DNA replication stress and genomic instability. In addition, deficiency here is thought to increase susceptibility to DNA damage caused by endogenous and/or environmental toxins. The bottom line? Certain changes in DNA can cause pituitary cells to produce a tumour – these changes can be inherited but they can also be acquired by outside exposures from pollution, environmental contaminants, nutrition and more. If you would like to know more about genes and gene expression, check out our blog here: How Nutrition Affects Your
Everyday, ours and our pet’s bodies are exposed to toxins. They are produced internally in the body, like lactic acid and consist of waste products from gut microbes, hormones, and neurotransmitters. But the largest threat is possibly those external toxins, like air pollution, chemicals from cleaning products and volatile organic compounds from the plug-in air diffuser in your lounge. Here at My Pet Nutritionists, when considering your pet’s well-being, detoxification is largely looked at as part of the health picture. It is thought that in the 25 years between 1970 and 1995, the volume of synthetic organic chemicals produced tripled from about 50 million tonnes to approximately 150 million tons, and this number has grown year on year since. Findings here These toxins can disrupt essential biological structures in the body. A toxin is defined as any substance that must be neutralised and eliminated to avoid its promotion of ill-health if left to accumulate. What surprises most people is that the body produces waste products every second of every day in the form of used hormones, neurotransmitters, or oxidised lipids. For this reason, even if we manage ours and our pet’s environments well, we still need to support our detoxification system, simply to eliminate the exhaust fumes of daily life. So, what is detoxification? Detoxification is carried out by a range of mechanisms and this comes in particularly handy if one pathway is overwhelmed, another can pick up the slack. We can think of it like a waterfall, water will always find a way down. In a healthy system, toxins will be able to find a way out. Initially, the body will attempt to detoxify at source. These locations include the intestinal mucosa, the respiratory mucosa, the microbiome,and the skin epidermis. Whilst these also provide a physical barrier to prevent toxin penetration, they also express a range of enzymes which are essential in sweeping toxins away. Detoxification falls into three phases. The first two phases are concerned with breaking down the toxin in the body, and phase three is concerned with excreting it. For us to manage ours and our dog’s toxic load, all three phases need to be working optimally. Liver Guard Phase I PhaseI is primarily undertaken by a superfamily of enzymes and they are predominantly concentrated in the liver (but are found in the oral and nasal cavity). t also includes enzymes like MAOs or monoamine oxidases to deal with neurotransmitters (those chemical messengers involved in mood and behaviour ) and PON1 or paraoxonase 1 dealing with pesticides and oxidised lipids. The names aren’t important, but the point is that at this stage the body needs to be efficiently producing these enzymes to metabolise the toxins. So, it stands to reason that this stage is particularly nutrient demanding and sufficient levels of key vitamins and minerals like vitamin A, C, E, B1, B2, B3 and iron, along with cysteine, are essential. This phase also generates high numbers of reactive oxygen species, or ROS leading to oxidative stress (there is also evidence of poor antioxidant capacity in obesity). These enzymes are also highly polymorphic – which means they are prone to altered gene expression. If you would like to know how gene expression can alter detoxification in the cat, then check out our blog here. But, whether the expression starts to cause problems can often depend on the nature and exposure to toxins. Once toxins have been passed through phase I, they are not finished with. Intermediate metabolites are produced, and they sit in the body. t’s almost like putting your rubbish in the outside bin, but missing collection day. The rubbish remains. Welcome to phase II Within phase II there are number of pathways and they are all responsible for detoxifying different compounds. Methylation The process of methylation deals with heavy metals, plastics, medications, mould,histamine, hormones, and neurotransmitters. This process requires nutrients like folate, vitamin B6, zinc and magnesium. Many environmental factors can limit methylation capacity including low dietary intake of co-factors, use of proton pump inhibitor medication, stress, use of anti-depressant medication, gut dysbiosis, high exposure to toxins and a high histamine diet. This can then become more of an issue in those with genetic SNPs in the genes that code for the enzymes involved. Poor methylation can also impair bile synthesis, which then impacts on cholesterol maintenance and glucose metabolism. Sulphation The process of sulphation deals with heavy metals, heavy smoke, hormones, neurotransmitters, plastics, phenols, and medications including antibiotics. Efficient sulphation requires an adequate supply of sulphur (included in cruciferous vegetables for example), but also iron, molybdenum and vitamin B12. Deficiency in any of these can result in an accumulation of sulphites and then an increased sensitivity to sulphite containing foods or supplements (MSM for example). Since this pathway modulates catecholamine levels, poor function can result in higher circulating levels too. Glutathione conjugation This deals with heavy metals, plastics, mycotoxins, mould, heavy smoke, pesticides, and medications like steroids. Glutathione is a master antioxidant so is also important in neutralising the reactive oxygen species produced in phase I. Steady supply of the enzymes in this pathway relies on vitamin B2. But what is also of interest is that the more the glutathione pathway becomes overloaded with long-term paracetamol use, the more depleted glutathione stores become, which places increased pressures on other Phase II pathways and Phase I processes. Low selenium also contributes to poorer enzyme function here. Glucuronidation Glucuronidation is involved in managing heavy metals, sex hormones, neurotransmitters, plastics, mould, alcohol, smoke, medications including paracetamol,non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, warfarin and immunosuppressants. Important nutrients in this process include vitamin B3, B6 and iron. The glucuronidation pathway is particularly affected by digestive health. Anything that promotes gut dysbiosis, like antibiotics, high sugar intake or the use of certain medications which later digestive function can result in toxins being recirculated throughout the body. This then results in increased oxidative stress, which has its own ramifications throughout the body. Acetylation Acetylation supports the detoxification of smoke, halides, tyramine, caffeine, neurotransmitters, histamine, and
