Hyperthyroidism is commonly accepted as the most common feline endocrine disorder. These are the words found in a Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. Here at My Pet Nutritionist, this worries us for two reasons. 1) That hyperthyroidism is such a common disorder 2) That it is accepted Being noted as an epidemic, we think it deserves a little attention. So, let’s explore hyperthyroidism in a little more detail, and what, if anything we can do about it. Until the late 1970’s, there appear few references to hyperthyroidism in the cat. Were there sudden developments in veterinary science, or was something else afoot? What is the thyroid? The thyroid gland is part of the endocrine system. It is a small butterfly shaped gland in the neck. One of the main functions is to produce hormones to regulate the body’s metabolism (the process that turns food into energy). These are more commonly referenced as T3 and T4. Hyperthyroidism is when the thyroid is hyperactive – there is an increased production of thyroid hormones. Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism: Weight loss Increased appetite Increased thirst Increased activity Increased heart rate Poor coat condition Mild/moderate diarrhoea (yet some cats can demonstrate generalised weakness lethargy and loss of appetite) Many cases of hyperthyroidism can be medicated, and so complications are rare, but they can include: Cardiovascular changes High blood pressure Kidney damage (more commonly asa result of treating hyperthyroidism) Diagnosis is usually based on enlargement of the thyroid glands, but this is not always visible. A blood test will confirm levels of thyroid hormones. Treatment is generally with thioamides, which in short act as anti-thyroid medication. They do not cure, simply control, but they must be administered daily. Side effects of this medication can include poor appetite, vomiting and lethargy. Although in some cases, the thyroid gland has been removed. So, what causes hyperthyroidism? So far, there are two main categories of risk factors for hyperthyroidism in the cat. – Nutritional deficiencies – Exposure to thyroid-disrupting compounds There are too genetic risk factors associated with hyperthyroidism, for example Siamese or Persian cats are less likely to suffer with the condition where as domestic shorthaired are the more commonly affected. Findings here Nutritional Deficiencies As claimed in the Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, “the feeding of commercially prepared cat food is one leading candidate as a major risk factor for the development of thyroid pathology and hyperthyroidism in cats.” It claims that all epidemiological studies to date have identified feeding an increased proportion of commercially prepared cat food is a risk factor. There are arguments that in the last few decades, the cat food industry has been on a bit of a rollercoaster with iodine. First, they considered high iodine was implicated in hyperthyroidism, so they significantly dropped levels, and since, iodine content has ranged from non-detectable to extremely high, depending on the manufacturer. Iodine is a key element in the synthesis of thyroid hormones. Low iodine results in low thyroid hormone,which spurs the pituitary gland to increase its secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (we all want to survive after all). Persisting high TSH leads to enlarged thyroid glands. Interestingly, when studied, cats fed a commercially prepared diet who were relatively deficient in iodine, were four times more likely to develop hyperthyroidism than cats supplemented with iodine. Findings here Simple iodine supplementation is not the answer to the question, as is it considered merely a co-factor in a range of causes. Others include, exposure to thyroid-disrupting compounds in the environment, drinking water or diet. Interest in this first appeared with the introduction of fire-retardant chemicals in many household items. The rates of hyperthyroidism seemingly increased with the introduction of these products. Findings here Cats are hyper-carnivorous and have lower activity of certain enzymes involved in both phase I and phase II detoxification pathways. These phases are responsible for breaking down toxic substances in the body (both internally produced and externally exposed). This therefore limits their ability to metabolise toxins. This poor metabolism of xenobiotics is thought to alter the structure and function of the thyroid gland, not only that but there are considerations that it too effects the elimination of T4 hormone, of which leads to high circulating levels. There is evidence which correlates high levels of toxic compounds with feline hyperthyroidism, these compounds are also higher than found in humans that the cats live with (suggesting issues in metabolism). There is a risk associated with commercial food that contain isoflavones and phthalates coming from soy and corn. Both of these compounds are known as endocrine disrupters. These vegetable substrates are detoxified by a particular pathway which is known to be slow in cats. Findings here Being an indoor cat is seen as a risk factor because of the exposure to persistent organic pollutants. Dust is a matrix collecting a range of volatile chemicals released from indoor products like flooring, textiles, furniture, and of course human skin (containing beauty or cleaning products). The heightened exposure is thought to be due to cat grooming behaviour – licking the dust off their coats and ingesting it. Findings here Certain flame-retardant compounds have also been found in commercial cat foods, and data has suggested that the cat liver struggles to metabolise these compounds. These PBDEs (polybrominated diphenyl ethers) contain bromine atoms which mimic iodine and so they may interact with thyroid binding proteins. Cats with hyperthyroidism have also demonstrated higher levels of PFAS which are polyfluoroalkyl substances which are found in products with grease repelling functions, like surface sprays, and floor polishes. Findings here Interestingly, there is a correlation between litter use and hyperthyroidism in cats. Those that use litter boxes more often, are more likely to receive a diagnosis. That along with receiving treatment for ectoparasites. Findings here BPA exposure has also been linked to hyperthyroidism in cats. As we know BPA is found in food, air and soil! Again, cats have a slower pathway in eliminating it. BPA binds to thyroid receptors, competitively displacing hormones. So, what can we do
You’re in the middle of your daily grooming session and you notice a thinning patch of hair on your canine companion. Without any obvious recent trauma to result in scar tissue and no replacement hair, your mind starts going to all the places it shouldn’t. A quick google search likely doesn’t help but well here at My Pet Nutritionist, we hope to give you possible solutions. There are in fact a number of reasons why your dog may start losing his hair, or having thinning areas, so let’s look at them in a little more detail. Hair growth occurs in stages: – Anagen – the growing phase – Catagen – the transition phase – Telogen – the resting phase – Exogen – the shedding phase An intact hair coat is maintained by the lifelong cycling of these phases. When a hair follicle has passed the telogen stage and shed it, if it remains empty for a period of time it is deemed kenogen. The anagen phase is restarted when epithelial stem cells are in good form. Stem cell activity is dependent on many complex interactions including: Immune cell function Nerve fibres Hormones Genetics Daylight Nutrition Circadian rhythm And stress 1. Hormones So much of a factor, there is a condition deemed hormonal alopecia in dogs. This can be linked to neutering with many owners reporting hair loss or thinning post neutering. But when we say hormones we are also considering thyroid hormones. The thyroid gland is in fact active in the initiation of hair growth and replacement. Located in the neck near the trachea or windpipe, this gland produces hormones which regulate metabolism. Both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism can result in hair loss in the dog although hypothyroidism is likely the more commonly occurring form of hormonal alopecia in dogs. Initially hair loss is patchy, the coat is dry, the hair is brittle and easily pulled out. Quite often hyper pigmentation occurs. In some cases, secondary pyoderma and seborrheic dermatitis may follow. The hair that remains is often stuck in the telogen or resting phase, hence it’s poor condition. Other signs of hypothyroidism includes: Weight gain Lethargy Increased susceptibility to infections Slow heart rate Abnormal nerve functioning which presents as non-painful lameness or lack of coordination Keratoconjunctivitis or dry eye Fat deposits in the corneas of the eyes Thyroid function is easily assessed through screening and if it isn’t running all on cylinders, then it can often be managed. 2. Nutrition It wouldn’t be a My Pet Nutritionist blog without mentioning nutrition now would it. Nutritional status affects hair growth and maintenance. Every cell in every body, including our dog’s, needs basic components to carry out their function. This includes immune cells, stem cells and hair follicles. The root of a hair is made up of protein cells and nourished by nearby blood vessels. As it grows, sebaceous glands near the hair follicles produce sebum which is made up of triglycerides, wax esters and cholesterol. Sebum lubricates the skin and hair to protect it from friction and therefore makes it impervious to moisture and/or pathogens. The hair moves through its phases, but new data is suggesting that even though telogen is defined as the resting phase, hair follicles aren’t doing that much resting. In fact, much cellular activity occurs during this phase so that tissues can regenerate and grow new hair. This means there is a demand for nutrients. Time and time again there has been a link made between nutritional status and hair health and growth. Low vitamin D status has been implicated in cases of alopecia Over-supplementation of Vitamin A is associated with alopecia In a Biotin deficiency signs include hair loss, Folate deficiency can result in hair, skin and nail changes Vitamin C is known to aid iron absorption, the latter being implicated in hair loss Hair loss is a common sign of zinc deficiency Hair loss can be seen in Iodine deficiency, also a mineral that aids thyroid function All things considered we would advocate afresh food diet which includes: Meat protein (haem iron is found in meat, chicken and fish and is more easily absorbed that non-haem iron found in plant foods). Oily fish (source of Vitamin D) Organ meats (good source of biotin) Leafy greens (folate came from the latin folium because it was first found in leaves!) Berries (source of Vitamin C) Meat and shellfish (source of zinc) Be mindful if you are tackling any other health concern which requires the elimination of any of these foods, we can always help you find alternative nutrient sources. 3. Stress Stress, we can confidently say is the bane of everyone’s life, including our pet’s. But what is particularly interesting is that in some cases, hair loss follows months after a traumatic event often making it difficult to connect the dots. As we have mentioned, hair cycles through different phases and all follicles can be at different stages at any onetime. Many will be in the growth phase or anagen phase before hitting telogen and ultimately shedding. But high levels of stress can cause a blanket shift in the phases and bump many of the follicles to telogen, all at the same time. The result? Bald patches or thinning. It makes sense evolutionarily. When facing a threat, what is more important? Brain and muscle function or hair growth? Stress triggers a sort of redistribution of resources, which in the short term is manageable. The issue is when faced with chronic stress. Hair loss as a result of trauma may not appear until the initial stressor has passed, the growth phase has been prematurely stopped, hitting telogen sooner, but then we still have to wait for the shedding to occur. We then need the growth phase to start again, which may or may not happen depending on the recovery from the stressor or in fact whether the host is still experiencing it. Stress also depletes nutritional resources along with impeding the digestion and absorption of them and as
Another one of the most common issues brought to us here at My Pet Nutritionist is Atopic Dermatitis. Most commonly seen in dogs, it can also occur in the cat. Atopic dermatitis is a multifactorial disease process, but it is defined as a genetically predisposed inflammatory and pruritic allergic skin disease often associated with IgE (immunoglobulin) against environmental allergies. The prevalence of AD is thought to be 10-15% of the canine population. Symptoms will include: Scratching Chewing Licking Recurrent skin, ear and anal gland inflammation and infections Hair loss Thickening of the skin It is thought that genetic abnormalities, along with an altered immune system and skin barrier defects all play a role. So, lets take a look at AD in a little more detail. Where it comes from and what, if anything, we can do about it. Genes Multiple gene expressions involved in skin barrier function and inflammation have been seen to go awry in canine atopic dermatitis. They have been both up and down regulated. Gene expression is like the instruction pamphlet that comes with your washing machine. Issues in gene expression is like you being sent an instruction manual in a different language and inadvertently using the 60-degree wash on your cold wash items! It’s not going to end well. Well, cheeky genes who aren’t doing what they’re supposed to, often doesn’t end well either. In dogs suffering with atopic dermatitis, data has shown: 361 genes that instruct inflammation, wound healing or immune response were up regulated. 226 genes that affect skin barrier function showed decreased mRNA. mRNA is a messenger; so low concentrations result in fewer messages. Findings here This is why certain breeds are known to suffer with AD, specifically, German Shepherds, Labradors, Boxers, West Highland White Terriers, French Bulldogs, Bull Terrier, Lhasa Apso, Springer Spaniel, Poodle, Dachshund, Miniature Schnauzer and Pugs. That said, these predispositions are also linked to geographical area, which also demonstrates how the environment can interact with genes. There is much attention being paid to the idea of epigenetics; how behaviour and the environment can affect how genes work. This is why, even if your dog is genetically predisposed, you shouldn’t throw in the towel, just yet. Skin Barrier Defects The skin is the first line of defence in our trusty immune system. This goes for our dogs too. If the skin isn’t as robust as it needs to be, then pesky allergens or irritants can get in and start to knock on doors of our second line of defence; inflammation. It is believed that part of the defects found in the skin barrier in AD cases is due to decreased concentrations of filaggrin. Not only can this be due to a genetic encoding error, but certain enzymes in the skin can breakdown filaggrin. The more enzymes, the more filaggrin gets broken down. Filaggrin is a protein found in the skin, and it binds to keratin filaments. This forms a structure within the skin cells. Filaggrin is essential to skill cell maturation, and in forming the outermost protective layer. It also forms part of the natural moisturising substance found in the skin; without it,cells dry out. This is why low levels of filaggrin result in dry, cracked skin. There is also evidence that filaggrin associated atopic eczema is more likely to lead to food sensitisation and inhalant allergens. Findings here Despite there being a genetic cause for filaggrin deficiency, the importance of maintaining a robust skin barrier is essential. Please take a look at our top tips for promoting skill health here. Altered Immune Response As we have mentioned, if pesky allergens or irritants get past the first line of defence, they soon feel the full wrath of the immune response. What starts with inflammation, will venture to a targeted attack in order to eradicate the invader. In the case of a defective skin barrier, the system will regularly be exposed to potential threats, of which the immune system must deal with. This constant state of firefighting ensures a steady level of inflammation throughout the body, which is why cases of dermatitis are often paired with food sensitivities. This is why tackling chronic inflammation is a key part of a dermatitis plan. As you have likely gathered, ensuring a robust skin barrier is essential in managing atopic dermatitis, but so is modulating the immune response and inflammation. Here are our top tips in tackling those three areas. Polyphenols Polyphenols are known to interfere with pro-inflammatory mechanisms. They have been seen to act upon keratinocytes which attenuate skin inflammation. Not only that but they have been seen to hamper toxicity of bacteria which regularly colonises the skin of atopic dermatitis affected patients. Polyphenols have been seen to inhibit the activation, proliferation, and function of Th2 cells which are key players in allergic reactions. Specifically, in the inflammatory response in allergic reactions. This has also been demonstrated during re-exposure to the allergen, suggesting that offending allergens may even be reintroduced at a later stage. Polyphenols are micronutrients found in certain plant foods; they are packed full of antioxidants. Their original role in the plant is to protect against UV radiation and of course aggression by pathogens. For that reason, they tend to contribute bitterness, astringency, colour, flavour, odour and oxidative stability. Under the umbrella of polyphenols, you will find phenolic acids, flavonoids, stilbenes and lignans (and a few more). Along with being anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial, the antioxidant capacity of phenolic compounds is also key to skin health. Oxidative stress is the imbalance between free radicals (the exhaust fumes of work) and antioxidants. Oxidative stress can damage the structure of the skin and negatively influence immune system function. Interesting, polyphenols have been seen to alter certain gene expression in the dog. Findings here So, all things considered, they are pretty nifty things to offer in your dog’s fresh food diet. Phenolic Compounds for The Dog Blackberries Raspberries Strawberries Blueberries Apple Pear Curly Kale Broccoli Green Tea (organic and decaffeinated) Parsley Chamomile Pomegranate Be mindful
Another particularly common issue we see here at My Pet Nutritionist is yeast! More technically known as candida, it is actually harmless when kept in check. The issue is when our dog’s system goes a little awry and can’t keep those little blighters from colonising. Whilst it sounds like a military operation, the dog’s system functions very much like that. Let’s take a look at yeast in a little more detail and how we can armour dog’s defences for a fighting chance! What is Yeast? Candida is an opportunistic fungal pathogen. It is a normal part of the gastrointestinal flora and genital tracts. Healthy systems are more than capable of keeping it in check with their beneficial bacteria. The issue arises when there aren’t enough good guys to keep the bad guys in check. The good bugs we find in our dog’s gastrointestinal tract will compete with the bad bugs for food sources and attachment sites. As we know there are a number of factors that can skew the microbial community found in our dog’s system. Antibiotics Broad spectrum antibiotics target all bugs,so whilst they get rid of the ones running amok, they also wipe out the beneficial ones too. Whilst the microbiome can recover to some extent, eventually; this takes time and there’s evidence which suggests key species are never fully repopulated. Findings here Stress There are clear links that stress, whether physical or emotional, affects the composition of the gut. On many occasions, stressor infliction significantly reduces the good guys. This has been associated with increased inflammation in the gut, which then continues the cycle. Findings here The Environment There is a huge amount of data which shows exposure to environmental pollutants significantly alters the gut microbiome. This includes bisphenols, phthalates, organic pollutants, heavy metals and pesticides. Bisphenol is an industrial chemical used to make hard, clear plastic. It is also found in epoxy resins which is often used as a protective later in some metal food and beverage cans/tins. Bisphenol has been linked to reduced microbiome diversity, and a significant decrease in protective bacteria. Phthalates are plasticisers and stabilisers found in vinyl flooring, clothing, detergents, personal care products, toys, medical equipment, and plastic packaging. Because they are non covalently bound to materials, they can leach into the environment. Phthalate exposure induces microbiota changes and has been known to inhibit the synthesis of certain short-chain-fatty acids. Heavy metals are associated with reduced microbiota diversity along with the altered metabolism of vitamin E and bile acid. Findings here Pesticides are renowned for altering the gut microbiome. This not only includes the pesticides administered to pets (flea and tick treatments), but also those found in the environment, particularly those sprayed on public footpaths. What is also worth considering is that antibiotic use has been seen to increase bioavailability of pesticides within the body. Findings here You are what eat! Of course, nutrition also plays a part in modulating the gut microbiome. But we always knew that. We are all pretty selfish in evolutionary terms, and this includes the bugs we find throughout our body. Our ultimate aim, and theirs, is to survive. So, we just need to modify how many of them actually do. This means keeping the colonies of good bacteria strong, so offering our dogs a diet full of pre and probiotic foods! Prebiotics are like the fertilisers in the garden, they help to feed and grow the beneficial bacteria in our garden. Probiotics however contain live organisms which can contribute to the population of the garden. Findings here There are a number of prebiotic foods suitable for dogs and they include mushrooms, chicory root, garlic and dandelion greens. Probiotics include fermented food, but supplements are available; soil-based are a good call for your canine friend (hold off on the fermented food until later, if your dog has already developed an overgrowth). Yeasts seem to like sugar as fuel, so diets high in grains, starches and other carbohydrates seem to contribute to an overgrowth. Generally, certain beneficial bacteria will metabolise these sugars, keeping candida in check by disrupting its food supply, but in the absence of good bacteria, candida is partying it down at the all-you-can-eat buffet! Immunity A weakened immune system is also a huge risk factor for developing a candida overgrowth. Whether this has been a natural progression over a period of time for a range of factors, or even due to medications like steroids. Immune function has natural peaks and troughs, young dogs and ageing dogs naturally have a lower function, but pre-existing conditions along with a range of medications can affect it too. The immune system is like a nosey neighbour. It keeps tabs on everything going on in the body and knows when something isn’t quite right. When it identifies something as non-self, it sends the army to fight the foreign invader and, all being well, wins, before sitting back down with its cup of tea. The issue arises when it can’t get up from its chair and so the foreign bodies are left to invade. There are a number of factors which can compromise immune function from sleep, to stress and nutritional status; there are several key nutrients essential to its performance. So, supporting this is essential in the prevention and treatment of any bacterial overgrowth. Top Tips: Adequate rest Reduced exposure to stress Nutrient dense diet withVitamins A, C, D and B’s, along with Zinc, Selenium, and Iron Address any pre-existing issues like inflammation in the digestive system or poor pancreas function which can contribute to poor nutritional status Findings here Careful use of medications like antibiotics, NSAIDs and steroids Findings here on Vitamin D Findings here on Zinc What if your dog has already got an overgrowth? If indeed your dog has developed a candida overgrowth, you will notice symptoms like: Ear infections Greasy coat Sores Odour (yes, that cheesy type of smell) Green/yellow discharge Crusty/flaky skin Hair loss Itching/scratching Incessant licking/grooming of an area due to irritation Rust
The prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the cat is seemingly on the up. Generally, what goes up, must come down, but when we look at the factors underlying kidney disease, there is a real concern that this may not happen. Currently, it is suggested that 1 in 3 cats suffer with some form of kidney disease. So, what can we do about it? Let’s take a look at kidney disease in a little more detail, why the kidneys are so important and some of the underlying factors that contribute to the development of it. What is kidney Disease Chronic kidney disease in cats is a prolonged process marked by the irreversible loss of kidney function. It is suggested that the early stages of CKD are often missed in cats, likely because many are outdoor cats so urination and drinking behaviours may not be as easily noted, along with vomiting etc. Kidney disease is generally associated with ageing pets; like all things, kidneys too get tired as they get older. But there are new concerns, well, new in 2014, that younger cats are seemingly presenting with the disease too. Where 30-50% of cats 15 years of age or older suffer with CKD, 13% of those under the age of 4 also suffer. Symptoms of Kidney Disease in the Cat: Increased thirst Increased urination Reduced appetite Weight loss Vomiting Fatigue Weakness Bad breath There are 4 stages of kidney disease in the cat, they are based on serum creatinine concentration: stage 1 through 4, with 2 being mild, 3 being moderate and 4 being severe. Findings here Why are the kidneys so important? The two bean shaped organs have vital functions in the body. They monitor fluid levels in the body, control and process waste and release vitamins, minerals and hormones. Their main function is to collect waste products and turn them into urine. Blood enters the kidney though arteries and splits into nephrons. The nephron splits into two nifty mechanisms to filter the blood. This includes the glomerulus and tubule. The glomerulus is like a sieve, allowing certain compounds from the blood into the tubule. The tubule then senses whether any of these compounds are needed around the body. If so, they are absorbed into the body. The tubule also senses waste products, like urea which is produced during the break down of protein. It redirects urea as urine which travels down the ureter, into the bladder to be excreted. The kidneys also activate vitamin D, and release hormones such as erythropoietin which is needed to produce red blood cells and renin which regulates blood pressure. Without the kidneys, the body would be full of blood that hadn’t been sieved and full of harmful waste. It also wouldn’t be receiving the vitamins and minerals, which, without being dramatic, are in fact critical to life. Causes of Kidney Disease There are genetic predispositions to developing kidney disease; certain breeds that are more likely to suffer with kidney issues include the Persian, Siamese, Ragdoll, Russian Blue and MaineCoon. But other than acute renal failure caused by poisoning (plants, pesticides etc), there are other factors that can contribute to kidney issues. As we have established, one of the kidney’s main role is to filter helpful and harmful compounds in the blood. It stands to reason that the more harmful compounds it must process, the sooner it reaches its retirement party! It is often suggested that chemical exposure isa progression factor in the disease and sadly cats are regularly exposed to cleaning agents, pesticides, and many more environmental toxins. These can be ingested, inhaled, or exposed transdermally (through the skin). The foods fed to cats can also impair kidney function. Mycotoxins are a diverse group of chemicals produced by a diverse group of fungi. However, mycotoxins, can be nephrotoxic (toxic to the kidneys). Studies have demonstrated that anywhere between 62% to 100% of cat foods sampled had mycotoxin contamination. Findings here There are also reports of melamine toxicity in cats, resulting in kidney damage. You guessed it; the source of melamine was contaminated food. Findings here Mild dehydration is also a risk factor for kidney disease. This is a concern because of the moisture content in many commercial foods. Dry-based cereal foods rank low on moisture,with dogs demonstrating increased drinking to counterbalance their water requirement. Cats, however, have an evolutionary low thirst-drive. Cats are obligative carnivores, meaning they get what they need from animal tissue. Therefore, they would naturally get moisture from their whole prey kills. But they are no longer getting the same level of moisture with a dry based diet and their thirst-drive hasn’t yet caught up (in evolutionary terms)! Starch also poses a risk for developing periodontal disease. Wait, what has periodontal disease got to do with the kidneys? And what has starch got to do with cats? Stick with us. Starch is the storage form of energy in plants; and then becomes a source of sugar in an animal’s diet. Bacteria found in the mouth feed off these starches and form a biofilm called plaque. This slowly degrades the tooth and surrounding structures. Not only that but the frequency of eating can contribute to the development of periodontal disease. Saliva can perform a clean-up between meals, but this becomes less of an option for the cat who is free fed throughout the day. The long and the short of it, many dry-based foods contain starch, which is a risk for periodontal disease. Periodontal disease is regularly implicated as a risk factor for kidney disease due to the relocation of oral bacteria throughout the body. Despite this, there are also things that can help mitigate the risks associated with kidney disease. Water intake is of utmost importance in all kidney patients. Therefore, a high moisture diet is essential. When offering drinking water, ensure it is filtered to remove any potential harmful compounds before they even get into the body. Protein restriction in kidney cases is much discussed and often controversial. Surely
Halitosis, as it’s more technically known, in dogs, can be a symptom of a range of health concerns. Ranging from dental disease to some cheeky gut bugs overworking, bad breath is often the first sign things may not be as they should, so lets take a look at the more common reasons and what options are available to you. 1) Periodontal Disease Periodontal disease begins when bacteria in the dog’s mouth forms to create a substance called plaque. The plaque sits on the surface of the teeth and with the help of saliva, it hardens to form tartar. Not only does it sit on the teeth, plaque and tartar seeps into gum lines which causes inflammation. Over a period of time, this inflammation and presence of bacteria causes damage to the structures surrounding the teeth; causing receding gum lines and eventually tooth loss. Not only are the mouth and teeth a concern, but the bacteria found in the mouth of your dog can be released into the circulatory system, which then travels through the body. It has been found to damage cardiac tissue causing endocarditis (infection and inflammation in the heart). Studies have also shown that periodontal disease is linked to increased insulin resistance, kidney and liver issues. Findings here The mouth is full of bacteria, primarily to form a first line of defence to protect us and our pets from the bad bugs, but the bad bugs can use carbohydrates, known as starches, as fuel, and subsequently thrive. These bacteria destroy enamel which further develop into cavities, or holes. This is why, in most human literature we are told to avoid sugars for the benefit of our oral health. It stands to reason that we would want to avoid starchy food for our pets too. A fresh food diet is as standard, low in starch, but the inclusion of raw meaty bones, if appropriate, can also create friction when eaten and contribute to the prevention of build-up on the teeth. Please note common dry foods on the market, although not marketed contain between 18-60% carbohydrates. So, if your dog’s breath could keep a vampire away, you may want to check his oral hygiene. Look for build-up, grey/brown deposits, and any breakdown of teeth. 2) SIBO Whilst it sounds like a mission to outer space, SIBO is actually a little more common than that. Small intestine bacterial overgrowth is getting increasingly common in the pet world. Whilst we usually define the microbiome as the microbial community found in the whole of the digestive tract, abundance generally increases from the stomach to the colon So, we would generally find more microbes the further down we go. SIBO occurs when we get more than we bargained for in the small intestine. It is more commonly associated with surgery, or rather a complication of surgery, but it can also occur as a result of any disease which slows the passage of food and waste products down. This means they stay in the wrong place for too long, and we all know what happens when you’re in the wrong place at the wrong time. SIBO is often associated with cases of IBD or IBS, but there must also be consideration given in times of chronic stress as we know motility is affected here. Symptoms of SIBO include loss of appetite, abdominal pain, nausea, bloating, diarrhoea, and weight loss. Due to the overgrowth of bacteria, bad breath is often a symptom. Unfortunately, there are a number of complications associated with SIBO. It can result in poor digestion and absorption of fats, proteins and carbohydrates. Bile salts that are usually required to digest fats are often broken down by the bacteria, leaving few left to digest the fat in the diet. This then leads to reduced absorption, transport and utilisation of any of the fat-soluble vitamins, A, D, E and K. The overgrown bacteria also utilise the B12 marked for host use, subsequently leading to B12 deficiency. SIBO is also indicated in cases of immune deficiency, cirrhosis, and pancreatitis. Findings here Nutritional management plays a huge role in SIBO, so if you are concerned your dog may be showing symptoms, then please book a consultation here. Gut Guardian 3) Liver Disease When the liver isn’t performing to its fully capacity, it can result in potential toxins still circulating in the body. This includes the lungs. On exhale, this can present as a strong faecal smell (be mindful we are dealing with dogs, and some of them do perform coprophagy: eating poop). However, in cases of liver disease you would notice other symptoms such as loss of appetite, weight loss, increased thirst, increased urination, jaundice (yellowing of the gums and eyes), weakness and loss of stability and in some cases seizures. Liver disease can occur as part of ageing, or there are genetic predispositions. However, oxidative stress is a significant contributor to liver complications. Risk factors associated with oxidative stress include: Obesity Diets high in processed foods Exposure to radiation Pollution Exposure to pesticides Not only that, but the body’s natural immune system can also trigger oxidative stress. This is a normal process that is swiftly managed in a healthy system. The concern is when your dog’s immune system is regularly being called to duty, over not-so-threatening threats. This state of chronic inflammation can result in higher levels of oxidative stress, putting pressure on many body systems. A diet high in antioxidants can help modulate oxidative stress, but if you are concerned about your dog’s liver function, then it’s best to speak to a qualified practitioner. If you would like to read more about liver disease, then check out our blog here. Liver Guard 4) Kidney Disease Another part of the detoxification system, when the kidneys aren’t doing what they’re supposed to, excessive urea can end up in the bloodstream resulting in a halitosis. This odour is described as ammonia smelling and having a metallic taste – but as our dogs can’t talk, we’ll just have
Whilst every diet under the sun has been touted for its weight loss properties, keto has been liked for its benefit incases of epilepsy and cancer. A ketogenic diet consists of high fat, with moderate to low protein and very low carbohydrate. This in a nutshell, forces the body to use fat instead of glucose for energy. There are two reasons this poses food for thought for the canine with cancer. Firstly, we’ll head back to the early 1900’s and pop into the lab with some sea urchins. Otto Warburg was massively interested in the chromosomes of sea urchin eggs. He wanted to understand how they fuelled their growth. Warburg found that they increased their oxygen consumption significantly as they grew. Turning his attention to a rat tumour, he expected the same. But he was wrong. Instead, the cancer cells fuelled their growth by glucose and broke it down without oxygen. To Warburg, this made no sense, but this effect as he found, is estimated to occur in many cancers. High concentrations of glucose are seen to significantly increase the proliferation of cancer cells. Findings here Not only that, but glucose has been noted to disappear from the urine of patients with diabetes after they have been diagnosed with cancer, suggesting it is recruited to cancerous areas and consumed in high amounts. Findings here Diets low in carbohydrate were thought to starve cancer cells, in essence. Glucose normally stimulates pancreatic cells to release insulin which allows glucose to enter cells and provide energy. When glucose is scarce, the body senses the need to make an alternative form of energy for cells. The liver then produces ketones and fatty acids, which provide for normal cells, but do not benefit cancer cells. It also pays to mention at this point, not only is the keto diet low in carbohydrate but it is also moderate in protein. Where low protein is no friend to anyone, protein can still be converted to glucose if consumed in high amounts through the process of gluconeogenesis, so it should be monitored. Being in a state of ketosis has seen a decrease in glucose uptake at tumour sites and also demonstrated no evidence of progression. Findings here In short, there are many studies which have demonstrated benefits of a ketogenic diet in cancer, whether as an adjuvant to traditional therapy or stand alone. Findings here The other reason why the ketogenic diet is such an interesting concept for the canine is due to their greater capacity for fat oxidation. Compared to humans, high fat diets for the dog have been seen to increase stamina and maximise energy production in healthy controls. Relative to metabolic body size, dogs metabolise free fatty acids at twice the rate of humans. It is thought that dog albumin (a protein made by the liver, whose main role is transport of various substances) can bind more fatty acids. This is deemed an endurance-adaptation in the species. Findings here So not only are dogs adept at using fat for energy, in the canine with cancer, low carbohydrate diets have demonstrated clear benefits. That said, the ketogenic diet has been seen to cause some potential side effects. The acute side effects of high fat intake are typically lethargy, nausea and vomiting, but this can be seen in many dietary changes. There are also reports of some deficiencies in trace minerals like selenium, copper and zinc, but conclusions merely indicate the potential need for supplementation if considering this diet. There are reports of elevated LDL cholesterol and kidney stones in humans consuming a ketogenic diet long term, but it is unclear how this translates to the canine. Findings here Despite this, literature reviews still conclude that the ketogenic diet has a protective role against tumorigenesis (the production or formation of a tumour or tumours) and that it does indicate a prolonged survival, reducing the risk of experiencing the pre-defined endpoint. Findings here The issue in commercial pet food is, on average, more than 45% is carbohydrate. The ketogenic diet for the canine shifts this to less than 10%. It is observed that dogs routinely enter a state of ketosis using 82% fat, 17% protein and 1% carbohydrate. After around 120 days, they may be able to maintain ketosis on a lower formulation like 69% fat, 30% protein and 1%carbohydrate. But as we know, all dogs are different and regular monitoring will inform the appropriate formulation. Findings here Due to the high content of carbohydrate found in commercial food, a switch to fresh food is essential. Whilst fruits are, for example, are still carb rich, the inclusion of low carb fibrous veggies can still provide certain micronutrients. There is also evidence that fasting alongside keto can be of benefit in cancer cases. It is argued to bring about the state of ketosis sooner. There is also evidence that fasting has been seen to reduce the side effects of chemotherapy or radiation therapy. However, there is a concern that when fat stores are exhausted, muscle breakdown will begin in order to fuel gluconeogenesis, resulting in muscle atrophy. It is concluded that this pairing may not be suitable for all patients, especially in underweight cases. It should also not be attempted without the supervision of a qualified practitioner. Findings here The other thing to be mindful of is using the ketogenic in liver cancer. Whilst ketosis is well tolerated by a normal, healthy and functioning liver, it is essential to seek the advice of a qualified practitioner when increasing the demands on an already compromised body system. Individual case studies have highlighted that a ketogenic has been utilised in cases of liver cancer to some efficacy, but this was under close monitoring. Findings here As highlighted by many professionals, if using keto in a medical condition, it becomes a medical diet. It should therefore be treated as such. To avoid many of the noted side effects, supplementation can be useful, but this is specific to the individual dog. Ketosis is also a
Traditional Chinese medicine focuses on healing the root cause of disease; encompassing a range of modalities from herbal medicine, mind-body exercise, acupuncture and of course nutrition. Nutrition encompasses food energetics which are based on the idea that certain foods have certain profiles and can subsequently be used to change the profile of the body. Yin energy is cold or cool, and there are certain foods which have cooling properties. Yang energy is warm or hot, and there are certain foods which are warming. There are also neutral foods,which are thought to have little impact on body profile. It is also thought that flavours can act upon certain organ systems and therefore create a desired health benefit. Not only that, but TCM also advocates a seasonal approach to good health. Creating a holistic view of health, it is easy to nod in agreement with many of the TCM ideas, so let’s explore them in a little more detail. Yin and Yang Yin Yang theory forms the basis of TCM; the idea that balance is key. When a deficiency exists, it should be toned up. When an excess exists, it should be reduced. If there is too much heat, it should be cooled. When there is too much cold, it should be warmed. If dampness is present, it should be dried and so on. Yin and Yang is also assigned based on heat signs. Heat and cold can be both deficient and excess; the goal is to be in harmony. Generally speaking, active, young, and outgoing pets are described as yang. Whereas older, quiet, and shy pets are described as yin. Some animals will self-regulate, the older quiet yin cat may choose to sleep in a warm window, whereas the young yang,excited puppy might jump in the water to cool off. However, we can help yang animals remained balanced by adjusting the environment. For the yang pet, provide cooling environments and foods. Include plenty of shade, air conditioning,fans, and misting. Offer fish, turkey,banana, duck, celery, kelp, spinach and broccoli. For the yin pet, provide warming environments and foods; space to sunbathe, heaters and blankets. Offer mutton, deer, chicken, ginger, chicken liver, squash, and pumpkin. Maintaining the yin-yang balance is key to ultimate health and TCM dictates that its disharmony is the basis of all disease. Yang Excess Yang excess is produced by the invasion of excessive heat, yin us unable to counteract the warming properties so an excess heat condition appears. Treatment requires the heat to be dispelled. Clinical signs: Acute onset Short course Younger age No general weakness Hyperactive High fever Red or purple tongue Strong and fast pulse Yin Excess Yin excess occurs when there is an invasion of excessive coldness. Clinical signs: Acute onset Short course Younger age No general weakness Pain Swelling or oedema Loose stool Pale or purple tongue Strong and slow pulse Yang Deficiency Yang deficiency occurs when yang is lower than normal, but yin is at its normal level. The warming properties of yang are insufficient to equalise the cooling properties, resulting in a cold condition. Clinical signs: Chronic onset Long course Older age Coldness at extremities Edema Loose stool Urinary incontinence Chronic pain/weakness Weakness in rear limbs Infertility Pale tongue Weak and deep pulse Yin Deficiency Yin deficiency is when yin is lower than normal, but yang remains stable. This heat condition is named a false heat. Clinical signs: Chronic onset Long course Older age General weakness Thirsty Lower degree of fever Restless or anxious Prefers cool Red and dry tongue Thready and fast pulse These patterns are then used, by a qualified practitioner, to classify clinical conditions and develop a treatment plan. TCM for Itchy Dogs Whilst the clinical manifestation of skin issues overall becomes quite complex in TCM, the general thought is that most conditions are heat invasions, with damp elements and yin deficiencies. When presented with seasonal allergies, eczema, itching, erosions with pus, alopecia, hot spots and dermatitis, a cooling diet is recommended. In cases of geriatric dryness or dandruff and chronic skin conditions a neutral or cooling diet is recommended. Cooling meats include turkey, ocean fish, rabbit, and white fish. Cooling vegetables include spinach, broccoli, celery, kelp, cabbage, cucumber, and melon. Sesame and flaxseed oil are also cooling. Low Fat Fish Neutral meats include pork, bison, duck, beef liver, pork liver, goose, mackerel, sardines, herring, salmon, and tuna. Neutral vegetables include carrots, green beans, peas, and shiitake mushrooms. Olive oil is also classed as neutral. If we are to consider foods to drain damp, they include beef, beef kidney, lamb kidney, mackerel, and sardines. Along with parsley, lettuce, parsnip, pumpkin,and seaweed. TCM for Skeletal Health With many skeletal issues facing dogs, it is no surprise we want to know if we can use food energetics to our advantage. What is particularly interesting, is that cases of rheumatoid arthritis can present as either hot or cold. The cold pattern is described in humans (dogs have yet to learn how to speak) as cold feelings in the limbs and joints, stiffness, or pain in a joint or muscle which is relieved by applying warmth. Symptoms increase with exposure to cold. The heat pattern is associated with hot, red, and swollen joints with severe pain generally relieved by applying cold. Although diagnosed across the board as rheumatoid arthritis, both hot and cold patterns exhibit different biological markers. Both patterns share the same expressed genes, but they appear to have different signalling pathways. T cell proliferation and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines appear to be increased in hot pattern RA patients. There also appears to be more severe collagen destruction in hot pattern RA too. Cold pattern RA appears to have a higher rate of protein and fat mobilisation demonstrating a more obvious muscle breakdown. Cold pattern patients also demonstrate a reduced hypothalamic-pituitary-axis function which is associated with a decreased stress response which goes someway to explain the higher fatigue level reported in cold pattern RA. Findings here RA, to most is considered
Trillions of bacteria, viruses and fungi live on or inside of us. Maintaining a balanced relationship with them is to ours, and our pet’s advantage. Together they form the gut microbiome; a rich ecosystem that performs a variety of functions in the body. These bacteria can digest food, produce important nutrients, regulate the immune system and protect against harmful pathogens. A range of bacterial species is necessary for a healthy microbiome, but there are many things that affect our microbiome, including the environment, medications like antibiotics, and even the method of delivery when our pets were born. Diet is emerging as one of the biggest influences on the health of our gut, and subsequently our overall health. Whilst we can’t control everything that influences the composition of our gut, we can pay attention to what we eat. And probiotics are one of those things. Probiotics are live microorganisms that provide health benefits to the host when ingested in adequate amounts. They are not to be confused with prebiotics which are selectively fermented ingredients that result in specific changes in the composition and/or activity of the gut microbiota. Synbiotics are products that contain both. The term probiotics was first introduced in 1965; in contrast to antibiotics, probiotics are deemed to stimulate growth of other organisms (antibiotics are used to kill). Probiotics are live microbes that can be formulated into many different types of products from food to supplements. The most common probiotics you’ve come across will likely be lactobacillus and bifidobacterium. Probiotics are reported to suppress diarrhoea, alleviate lactose intolerance (in humans), exhibit antimicrobial activities, reduce irritable bowel symptoms and prevent inflammatory bowel disease. With a rap sheet like that, we need to explore these functions in a little more detail. Probiotics in Gut Barrier Health The intestine possesses a barrier. It acts as a selectively permeable barrier permitting the absorption of nutrients, electrolytes and water but providing an effective defence against toxins and antigens. This barrier consists of a mucosal layer, antimicrobial peptides, and tight junctions. The mucosal layer has an important role in regulating the severity of infections. An altered mucosal integrity is generally associated with inflammatory bowel disease. There is evidence that certain strains of the commonly deemed bad, Escherichia coli can prevent the disruption of the mucosal layer and can in fact, restore it when damaged. Findings here Mucin glycoproteins are large components of epithelial mucus and several lactobacillus species have been seen to increase mucin production in humans. This mucin is key in preventing the adhesion of potential pathogens in the gut. Probiotic microorganisms expressing antimicrobial peptides could also be efficient in bacterial control. Findings here Tight junctions are key to barrier formation and certain strains of bacteria, lactobacilli for example, modulate the regulation of several genes encoding adherens junction proteins. The gut is maintained by the expression of both adherens junction and tight junction proteins. Findings here There are also links between inflammation and intestinal permeability. Certain probiotics have been seen to prevent cytokine-induced epithelial damage. Findings here Competitive Microorganisms A healthy gut is when the balance is tipped in favour of the good bugs. The issue is that every microorganism’s purpose in life is to survive. To survive in the intestinal tract, species must compete for receptor sites. To do this,they have a few tricks up their sleeve. Species will create a hostile environment for other species, they will eliminate receptor sites, produce, and secrete antimicrobial substances and deplete essential nutrients other species need to survive. Lactobacilli and bifidobacterial have been shown to inhibit a range of pathogens including E. coli, Salmonella, Helicobacter pylori and Listeria. Findings here Gastrointestinal Disorders where probiotics have shown benefit: Antibiotic associated diarrhoea– several randomised controlled trials have demonstrated AAD may be prevented by administration of probiotics. Colitis – Studies are somewhat inconclusive, but it is recommended to follow antibiotic treatment in these cases, with a course of probiotics. Infectious diarrhoea-significantly shortened using probiotics. IBS – Bifidobacterium demonstrates significant effect in reducing IBS symptoms. Findings here Probiotics and the Immune System Probiotics play a role in the delicate balance between necessary and excessive defence mechanisms in the innate and adaptive immune systems. One mechanism in which they do this is through gene expression. Certain strains of bacteria have been seen to regulate genes mediating immune responses. It was clear that the administration of certain strains modulated inflammation (L. acidophilus), wound healing,cellular growth, proliferation, and development (L. Rhamnosus). Other strains of bacteria have been seen to modulate Th1 and Th2 balance. These are cytokines which are hormonal messengers, responsible for most of the biological effects in the immune system. Th1 cytokines tend to produce inflammatory responses, responsible for killing intracellular parasites and for perpetuating autoimmune responses. However, excessive inflammatory responses can lead to tissue damage, so it needs to be balanced. This is where Th2 cytokines come in. Th2 include interleukins which have more anti-inflammatory responses. Th2responses help regulate Th1 responses. Findings here The importance of immune modulation at a gut level can be understood easily when you consider that approximately 70% of the entire immune system is found here and the thin layer of connective tissue known as the lamina propria contains around 80% of all plasma cells responsible for IgA antibody production (IgA is the first line of defence in the resistance against infection). Findings here Not only that but several bacterial strains are known to synthesise vitamins. Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium and Enterococcus are known to synthesise thiamine, folate, biotin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid and vitamin K. Not only that, but bacteria play a role in their absorption! Findings here Probiotics and Obesity Gut microbes play a major role in the energy extraction from food, through a variety of mechanisms. Many plant polysaccharides and complex carbohydrates cannot be digested by the host; however, the gut microbes can metabolise them to short chain fatty acids like acetate, butyrate and propionate. Butyrate provides an energy source for colonic epithelial cells and also plays an important role in modulating immune and inflammatory
When looking at the nation’s dogs we have a major issue on our hands, a topic that can stir up emotive responses from owners and something that animal professionals may have a tricky time addressing… OBESITY From an owners perspective, they only want the best for their dog, and to be told their dog is overweight can be hurtful to hear. Your animal professional hasn’t seen those puppy dog eyes, peering over the plate looking for crumbs. Or the look you get when you need to nip out and you’re compelled to give them a treat as compensation. From an animal professional perspective, we see that overweight dog walk into our clinic and our heart sinks. Desperately wanting to tell you the list of byproduct diseases of obesity and give you a long list of things to change for your dog’s health. Instead, we softly mention they could stand to lose a little weight, to be met with a look of shock and disheartened words. Please don’t think we are here to make you feel that you’re not doing your best, we are here to guide you and want you to have the most time with your beloved pet. As much as it may be a tough conversation to have, we as animal professionals have a duty of care to animals in our clinic, and weight management is something that we need to be discussing more. For us it isn’t simply a case of sprinting around the park and cutting back portion sizes, there is so much more that we can do and it starts by inspecting what is in the dog’s bowl. Say for example your dog is on processed kibble, cutting back portion size when looking at the calorie deficit model for weight loss may have some impact. However,with your older dogs they will reserve reduced energy levels caused by food restriction, meaning weight loss can be very slow or stationary. Most processed dog food has a high percentage of carbohydrates, and this is where the issue lies. When a high volume of carbohydrates hit the GI tract, this causes a rapid increase in blood sugar and insulin levels. If the body cannot use this energy quickly enough, the leftovers get shunted into fat cells held in adipose tissue. Now going on a slight but relevant tangent, arthritis is a byproduct of obesity. Arthritis is an inflammatory disease affecting the joints and shows a higher prevalence in overweight dogs. Findings here If adipose tissue has a larger surface area caused by obesity, this increases the amount of pro inflammatory adipokines. So not only does additional physical pressure cause inflammation, but inflammation responses are increased tenfold with adipokines also jumping on an arthritic joint. Findings here So we know that carbohydrates increase blood sugar and insulin and lead to a cacophony of different issues, of which I’ve briefly discussed one. How can we look to combat this and get the best from our dog’s health, well for a start you can cut the carbs or at least look to reduce them. At MPN, we are hugely passionate about species appropriate diets and have seen incredible progress with pain management, all from just swapping to fresh foods. Even if you can’t make the leap to fully raw feed or fresh feed, there is plenty of middle ground that you can address, that will help towards a healthy life for your dog. Supercharging the bowl Whether you’re a keen raw feeder or just wanting to liven up the bowl by adding in some fresh, there is plenty of choice. Focusing on musculoskeletal health, our first port of call is adding things high in glucosamine and chondroitin. Both are complex sugars found within the structures of cartilage. Studies have indicated that these have a positive effect on pain management and ROM increase associated with Osteoarthritis. Findings here If you have compromised cartilage, you can heal with cartilage and these are super easy to source for your dog’s bowl, from bone broth, raw beef trachea to green lipped mussels (GLM). By supporting the joint health of an overweight dog, we can encourage further ROM and decrease inflammation, all working towards weight loss, there is a lot of research around turmeric (curcumin) and ginger (gingerol). Findings here Other favourites of ours for targeting joint inflammation are ACV, chamomile, fresh small fish and sunflower seeds. There is a huge amount of free radical damage (oxidative stress) created from excess adipose tissue and so looking at antioxidants to support this can be helpful. A diet high in colourful, fresh vegetables and Vitamin C can be fabulous in this instance. Findings here Lifestyle management If your dog is overweight, their joint health is likely already under pressure, but we can add some simple changes in place to reduce this strain. Start by increasing the length of your dog’s exercise, but reduce the pace. By having your dog run around the park doesn’t necessarily mean they will burn off more calories. High-impact activities will increase inflammation responses and then facilitate a pain response. Count your dog’s steps, have them on a lead next to you and go that bit further with less pressure, rather than seeing them flail around on the horizon chasing a squirrel. Be present and enjoy the walk with them, as much as it’s good for your dog, it’s good for you too! Oh no, here comes the fun police… ball flingers. Ball flingers can cause such horrific damage to your dog’s musculoskeletal structure over time, from huge repetitive stress crashing through the body when they come to a stop. If you’re not ready to put the ball flinger down, maybe drop the amount of times you throw it, or ensure warm up and cool down regime, the aim being to reduce inflammation and injury. Even things like ramps into the car and little stairs for the sofa make a tremendous impact on keeping inflammation and strain at bay. Therapies If your dog is
The main forms of thyroid diseases are auto immune Thyroiditis (Hashimoto’s), Hypothyroidism (Non autoimmune), and Hyperthyroidism (Graves’ Disease). To find out more about Hypothyroidism, please click here Graves’ Disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism. As with us humans, your dog’s thyroid gland is located at the front of the neck. It is part of the endocrine system, butterfly-shaped and consists of two lobes located either side of the windpipe (trachea) that controls metabolism. Metabolic processes are activities that occur in cells, involving the release of energy from nutrients your dog eats. Microscopically, thyroid tissue is made up of two types of cells: follicular cells and parafollicular cells. Most of the thyroid tissue consists of follicular cells. The follicles store and secrete iodine –containing hormones called thyroxine. Thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodothyronine(T3). Thyroid hormones are important in the maintenance of normal, healthy activity levels of many different organs in the body: the heart, brain, liver, kidney and skin. All of which are vital for normal body function. The thyroid requires iodine to produce the hormones. Iodine is an essential trace element absorbed in the small intestine, it is an integral part of T3 and T4. Sources of iodine include iodised table salt, seafood, seaweed, and vegetables. However, too much iodine can actually activate thyroiditis, so if you supplement, (kelp being one of the most popular for dogs), please use with caution. Hyperthyroidism in dogs is a condition caused by the thyroid over producing thyroxine, increasing your dog’s metabolic rate to dangerous levels. It is much more common in older cats but when it does effect dogs it is usually serious. In some cases tumour growths in dogs can be benign and therefore easier to manage and may respond well to treatment, but malignant tumours can often spread to vital organs in the neck and risk further complication. ‘Hyper’ thyroidism (overactive) is rarer in dogs than ‘hypo’ thyroidism (underactive) and is usually a result from aggressive thyroid tumour called carcinoma (malignant) it begins in the epithelial tissue or the tissue that lines the gland. Thyroid tumours are commonly seen in middle aged to older larger breed dogs such as boxers, beagles, golden retrievers, and Siberian huskies. Hyperthyroidism can also be caused by an error in medications, which usually includes a synthetic form of thyroxine. An over correction of low thyroxine levels can sometimes result in hyperthyroidism. Graves’ disease in humans is often hereditary and between 25 and 50 percent of people have eye abnormalities, which are known as Graves’ ophthalmopathy. A small percentage of people with Grave’ disease develop a skin abnormality called pretibial myxoedema or Graves’ dermopathy. The primary cause of this disease is due to the increased metabolism, the body goes into overdrive that has an impact on the overall function of the body. Most commonly, the condition results in weight loss, despite an increase in appetite. Other possible signs and symptoms Hyperactivity Increased heart rate Swelling of the throat – goitre Anxiety Excessive panting, heat intolerance Increased thirst Increased urination Vomiting Diarrhoea Increased volume in stool Irritability or aggression Skin lesions, dry, greasy, matted coat Heart murmurs Congestive heart failure Cardiomegaly (enlarged heart) Dyspnoea (shortness of breath) Unfortunately, the majority of these aren’t necessarily specific to thyroid disease and signs and symptoms can vary from case to case. A visit to the vets as soon as you notice any signs is the best option. The checklist for thyroid disease A fresh and unadulterated fresh food diet Adrenal, liver, digestive immune and thyroid support Omega fats and antioxidants Vitamin deficiency test Diet for thyroid disease Fresh real food is advised for dogs with hyperthyroidism, preferably lightly cooked or raw. This is the most natural diet for dogs. Highly processed food is not recommended for dogs who have thyroid disease as they contain a very high percentage of carbohydrates, imbalanced omega 6-3 ratios and inappropriate ingredients, all of which cause inflammation in the body. They put huge pressure on the digestive system, pancreas and liver. Feeding whole fresh foods that provide a wide variety of nutrients will ensure a better chance of living a longer and healthier life. Hyperthyroidism has been linked to pet foods (raw commercially prepared) that include the thyroid glands of slaughtered animals. Exogenous hyperthyroidism, a result of excessive intake of thyroid hormones is rarely recognised but is the only other recognised cause. If you are concerned, contact your raw food supplier and ask them what parts they are using or home prepare your own food to be sure – for example chicken necks or trachea. Findings here Foods containing iodine should be avoided, some are listed here Processed food containing grains, cereal and soy Seafood Dairy products High amounts of poultry or beef Egg yolks Supplements such as kelp Seaweed Cruciferous Vegetables such as broccoli, cauliflower, kale and brussels sprouts may stop the thyroid from using iodine properly. Findings here Veterinary approach to thyroid disease ‘Outdated or incomplete information taught in veterinary schools perpetuates inaccurate screening for canine thyroid disorder, since many vets are still applying outdated diagnostic methods. Tests used to determine thyroid disease include T4, free T4, T3, free T3, TgAA, T4AA, T3AA, and TSH their usage and importance depend on the situation of the dog being tested. T4 alone is not a reliable method’ – Dr Jean Dodds, DVM – The Canine Thyroid Epidemic 2011 Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Hyperthyroidism is often treated with antithyroid drugs, which stop the overproduction of thyroid hormone. Depending on the severity, treatment may entail partial removal of the tumour or removal of the entire thyroid gland. Chemotherapy or radioactive iodine (I-131) treatment or medications to counteract the excess hormone levels in which case the dog will be on replacement therapy for the rest of his life. If left untreated the condition can cause heart and kidney failure. Therefore, the best approach to hyperthyroidism is to help prevent it by providing a wholesome natural diet and avoiding unnecessary chemicals or environmental hazards which are all
When we’re out walking our dog and they are panting, we rarely pay any attention, we know that it’s a typical behaviour associated with exercise. Equally, if it’s gotten a little warmer, we expect panting (within reason). But is there a time when panting can indicate something which does require some further attention? It’s a behaviour that we ask pet guardians about in a My Pet Nutritionist consult, so let’s get to the bottom of what panting is, and if it’s anything to worry about. What is panting? Panting is characterised by fast, shallow breaths, a wide-open mouth, and an extended tongue. It’s generally associated with a dog trying to cool down, also known as thermoregulation. Cooling results from the inhalation of cooler air and exhalation of heat along with the evaporation of water in the dog’s respiratory system. The respiratory system in dogs is made up of their mouth, nose, trachea and lungs and it serves two main functions. Firstly, like in humans, it is how the body exchanges carbon dioxide and oxygen. In general, healthy dogs will have a resting respiration rate of anywhere between 15 and 40 inhalations and exhalations a minute. The typical respiration rate when panting increases 10-fold, so up to 400 inhalations and exhalations per minute is expected. It’s second function is to regulate body temperature. A normal body temperature for a dog is between 38.3°C and 39.2°C. An increase by just 1-2°C can have major effects on the dog’s system. They therefore rely on panting as their primary means of expelling heat. There are three known patterns of panting: inhalation and exhalation through the nose, inhalation through the nose and exhalation through the mouth, inhalation through the nose and mouth and exhalation through the nose and mouth. It is suggested that the most effective cooling system is when air is directed through the nose and out through the mouth. So why don’t dogs sweat to cool down? The human mechanism for cooling down is to sweat. As sweat evaporates, we cool down. Due to the thick coats dogs have, sweat just wouldn’t evaporate resulting in a thick, furry coat full of sweat! Nice! Dogs do have sweat glands, but on their paws. It is rare to see a dog with sweaty paws after exercise. You will tend to find sweaty paws in response to stress – which is why you’ll see damp patches on the table at the vets or groomers. What are the triggers and causes for a dog panting? Exercise This is a well-known cause for panting in dogs. Exertion increases heart rate and overall body temperature. Therefore, to regulate their body temperature, dogs will pant. Heat It is suggested that it can take from 7-60 days for a dog to acclimatise to a temperature change in the environment. This can be influenced by body shape, size, coat type and length and the overall health of the dog. Some of the breeds that are more sensitive to an increase in environmental temperature include: Pugs, Lhasa Apso, Boston Terrier, English Bulldog, Boxer, Cavalier King Charles Spaniel and French Bulldog. These are known as brachycephalic breeds and due to their small nasal passages and short windpipes, they don’t pant as efficiently as other breeds. This puts them at a much higher risk of heatstroke. Dog Days of Summer Anxiety/Fear/Phobia Many dogs who suffer with anxiety or fear will pant. It is thought that the fear response increases the heart rate which in turn raises the body temperature. There are usually other signs that accompany panting in a fear response, such as yawning, pacing, crying, whining, shaking, lip licking or hiding. Storms and holidays with fireworks are often a source of anxiety for dogs, so it is quite common to see more panting during these times. There are many ways to help relieve anxiety in dogs including: Thunder Jackets, Plug-in diffusers – these release calming pheromones which mimic those of nursing dams when comforting their litter. Creating a safe place – a covered crate or a space under the stairs or a table. Top Tips for Anxiety in Cats and Dogs 6 Nutritional Tips for Anxiety in Dogs Panting accompanied with shaking is a typical stress response in dogs so consider whether there has been any change to their daily routine, even the smallest changes can be worrying for some dogs. Is panting a symptom of a long-term health condition? It can be. Heart failure When the heart is no longer pumping oxygenated blood efficiently, body parts and tissues will become oxygen deprived. The easiest way to correct this depletion is to increase respiration which often results in panting. Symptoms of heart failure include: Fatigue, Difficulty breathing, Loss of appetite, Weight loss, Coughing. Older dogs are more susceptible to heart issues. The ageing process naturally causes your dog’s organs and systems to deteriorate. Keeping Your Senior Dog Healthy Heart failure can also occur as a result of heartworm disease. Heartworms are spread through mosquitoes. Infective heartworm larvae migrate through the dog’s body until they reach the heart and blood vessels in the lungs. Symptoms of heartworm include: Coughing, Intolerance of exercise, Laboured breathing/panting. Natural Worming Options for Pets Obesity Overweight dogs will often pant excessively. This is due to the strain placed upon the cardiovascular system. In determining whether your dog is a healthy weight, you should be able to see a waistline, feel the ribs and from a bird’s eye view, your dog should have an hourglass outline. Maintaining a healthy weight in your dog should be achieved through species appropriate diet with portion control and regular exercise. Obesity in Pets Part I Obesity in Pets Part II Low Fat Fish Cushing’s Disease This is when the adrenal glands produce too much cortisol, also known as hyperadrenocorticism. Cortisol is produced and stored by the adrenal glands, two small glands which sit on top of the kidneys. Investigations of the cause will usually be tumours found on the pituitary or adrenal gland or
