Here at My Pet Nutritionist, we see quite a few clients with differing bladder stones, often accompanied by other disease. Let’s delve into the different stones and the types of diets we may want to feed. What are Urinary Stones? There are several types of stones that form within the urinary system, each needing a different environment and mineral composition to be able to form. 95% of stones occur within the bladder and only 5% within the kidney, for both cats and dogs. Stones develop when a multitude of microscopic crystals clump together, this doesn’t always happen and so crystals can exist without forming stones. As crystals clump together, they form small stones which can become larger over time and pose more of a problem as the issue gets larger and more painful. When crystals form into small stones they can become life threatening if the stones get lodged in the exit of the bladder thus blocking the exit route. Crystals form from dissolved minerals within the urine in the bladder. These minerals enter the bladder via the kidneys from waste products via food. Altered urinary pH has a role to play in the formation of stones and crystals. Urine pH varies depending on the animal’s diet (Nelson et al) due to the waste products which have been filtered and excreted by the kidney. Symptoms of bladder stones include: Irritation of the bladder lining Blood in the urine Pain when passing urine Urinating small amounts frequently Persistent need to urinate Cloudy or discoloured urine Bloated or sensitive stomach Pain in the abdomen or kidney region Bladder stones are seen more frequently in dogs that experience bladder infections. In our experience we see this due to antibiotic use, a carbohydrate dense diet, poor gut microbiota, food intolerances, food allergies, dehydration and the like. Research has shown some common causes of kidney and bladder stones in canines which tend to be more standard. Causes of these stones can be from the following: Genetics Water Consumption Amount of water in the diet Quantity of and Quality of protein The pH of a dog’s urine Infections Crystals in the urine are diagnosed by a microscopic examination of fresh urine to determine the type of crystal. The urine will also be tested with a strip to determine pH level and presence of blood, White Blood Cells, protein levels and concentration or specific gravity. Determining the type of crystal is very important before we can recommend a suitable diet. These are struvite, oxalate, urate and cystine crystals. Treatment By far the most important way of combatting crystal formation is by adding water to the diet. Feeding moist foods dilutes the urine and promotes more frequent urination. This in turn reduces the likelihood of crystal formation as the urine does not sit in the bladder for so long. Some crystals and stones can be dissolved with dietary supplements alone, changing to a natural balanced wet diet can be enough to irradiate the problem. Some stones cannot be dissolved with diet alone. Other cases need medication or if they are just too large, will require surgical removal. Prescription diets are available with manipulated ingredients and urinary acidifiers. Types of crystals Struvite Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate, triple phosphate Struvite stones are one of the most common types of bladder stones found in dogs. In most cases, struvite bladder stones are caused by infection, namely Staphylococci and Proteus bacteria being the usual culprits. This infection is often contracted from the lower urinary tract. Struvite occurs in alkaline urine (above pH 7) 85% of cases are found in female dogs A meat based diet will naturally make the urine more acidic which can help Often seen alongside recurring bladder infections Supplements tend to assist in creating a healthier pH Helpful supplements – Cranberry extract (Proanthocyanidins, PACs) – proven to reduce bacteria such as E coli Howell AB. Bioactive compounds in cranberries and their role in prevention of urinary tract infections. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2007 Jun;51(6):732-7. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.200700038. PMID: 17487930. – Methionine– is an amino acid that has been proven to acidify the urine Siener R, Struwe F, Hesse A. Effect of L-Methionine on the Risk of Phosphate Stone Formation. Urology. 2016 Dec;98:39-43. doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2016.08.007. Epub 2016 Aug 9. PMID: 27521063. – N -Acetyl Glucosamine – helps bladder support, may reduce inflammation and sooth the bladder wall. Theoharides TC, Kempuraj D, Vakali S, Sant GR. Treatment of refractory interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome with CystoProtek–an oral multi-agent natural supplement. Can J Urol. 2008 Dec;15(6):4410-4. PMID: 19046494. – Apple cider vinegar – is a wonderful anti microbial Yagnik D, Ward M, Shah AJ. Antibacterial apple cider vinegar eradicates methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and resistant Escherichia coli. Sci Rep. 2021 Jan 20;11(1):1854. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-78407-x. PMID: 33473148; PMCID: PMC7817673. References Bartges JW, Callens AJ. Urolithiasis. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2015 Jul;45(4):747-68. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2015.03.001. PMID: 26002797. Palma D, Langston C, Gisselman K, McCue J. Canine struvite urolithiasis. Compend Contin Educ Vet. 2013 Aug;35(8):E1; quiz E1. PMID: 23677867. Queau Y. Nutritional Management of Urolithiasis. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2019 Mar;49(2):175-186. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2018.10.004. Epub 2018 Dec 21. PMID: 30583809. Calcium oxalate Microscopic Calcium Oxalate crystals The second most common crystal found in dogs, is calcium oxalate. Current research indicates that urine high in calcium, citrates, oxalates and in an acidic environment, predisposes a pet to developing calcium oxalate crystals. Recent studies have shown diets that cause high urine acidity (urine pH less than 6.5) may predispose dogs to develop this type of bladder stone. These occur in neutral to acidic urine (below pH6.5-7) It is not possible to dissolve these so surgery is needed to remove stones Common in Miniature Schnauzers, Miniature Poodles, Yorkshire Terriers, Lhasa Apso, Bichon Fris and Shih Tzu) High oxalate foods to be avoided such as spinach, swiss chard some seeds legumes and berries Probiotics are found to be able to breakdown oxalate in the digestive system. A good broad-spectrum probiotic can contribute to this
Here at My Pet Nutritionist, we love adding vitamin C rich foods to a dog’s diet, even though dogs are able to produce their own Vitamin C, via their liver. However, in some cases, such as during times of stress or illness, supplementing with Vitamin C may be recommended. This blog looks at 5 benefits of feeding vitamin C, Vitamin C rich foods and different ways to supplement this vitamin. Vitamin C is an essential nutrient for dogs that plays an important role in several physiological processes in the body. Here are some benefits of vitamin C for dogs, along with references to research studies: Immune system support Vitamin C has been shown to enhance the immune system by promoting the production of white blood cells and boosting the function of immune cells. Research has shown that supplementation with vitamin C can improve immune function in dogs (1). Antioxidant protection Vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant that can help protect cells against oxidative damage caused by free radicals. Research has shown that supplementation with vitamin C can increase antioxidant activity in dogs (2). Collagen synthesis Vitamin C plays a key role in the synthesis of collagen, which is an essential component of connective tissue. Research has shown that supplementation with vitamin C can help improve collagen production in dogs, which can support joint health (3). Stress reduction Vitamin C has been shown to help reduce stress in dogs by reducing levels of stress hormones in the body. Research has shown that supplementation with vitamin C can help improve behavioral and physiological responses to stress in dogs (4). Calm Complex Wound healing Vitamin C has been shown to play a key role in wound healing by promoting the production of new tissue and reducing inflammation. Research has shown that supplementation with vitamin C can help improve wound healing in dogs (5). Vitamin C Rich Food to Add to the Bowl Berries: Strawberries, raspberries, blueberries, blackberries, and cranberries are all high in vitamin C. Kiwi: This small, fuzzy fruit is a great source of vitamin C, with one kiwi containing about 70 milligrams of vitamin C. Papaya: This tropical fruit is a great source of vitamin C, with a medium-sized papaya containing about 95 milligrams of vitamin C. Mango: Another tropical fruit that's high in vitamin C, with a medium-sized mango containing about 60 milligrams of vitamin C. Sugar rich fruit should be kept to a minimum in any dog’s diet. Pineapple: This tropical fruit is a good source of vitamin C, with a cup of pineapple chunks containing about 80 milligrams of vitamin C. Sugar rich fruit should be kept to a minimum in any dog’s diet. Broccoli: This cruciferous vegetable is a great source of vitamin C, with one cup of chopped broccoli containing about 81 milligrams of vitamin C. Brussels sprouts: Another cruciferous vegetable that's high in vitamin C, with one cup of cooked Brussels sprouts containing about 75 milligrams of vitamin C. Spinach: This leafy green vegetable is a good source of vitamin C, with one cup of cooked spinach containing about 17 milligrams of vitamin C. Superfoods: Camu camu berries, acerola cherries, amla berries, and goji berries (organic) are all superfoods that are incredibly high in vitamin C. Supplementing Vitamin C in Times of Need Whilst we prefer getting our vitamins and minerals from food, if there is a therapeutic need for your dog, then supplementing is key. When selecting a supplement, it is good to know what you are looking for. A review article published in the Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine in 2006 concluded that bioflavonoids may enhance the bioavailability and antioxidant activity of vitamin C. The authors suggested that the combination of vitamin C and bioflavonoids may be a useful strategy for preventing or treating a variety of health conditions. There are a few similar studies and something we tend to consider when choosing a vitamin C product. Here are some different forms of supplemental vitamin C: Ascorbic Acid: This is the most common form of Vitamin C and is often used in human supplements. It is also sometimes used for dogs, but can cause digestive upset in some dogs. Sodium Ascorbate: This is a buffered form of Vitamin C that is less likely to cause digestive upset in dogs than ascorbic acid. It is also sometimes used in dog supplements. Calcium Ascorbate: This is another buffered form of Vitamin C that is often used in dog supplements. It may be less acidic than other forms of Vitamin C and may be more easily absorbed by dogs. Ester-C: This is a patented form of Vitamin C that is claimed to be more easily absorbed by the body than other forms of Vitamin C. It may also be less likely to cause digestive upset. Liposomal Vitamin C: Often transported in lecithin via soy or sunflower (we prefer sunflower), to help the absorption of vitamin C. A rather new technology and popular among nutritionists. The amount of vitamin C that a dog can tolerate varies based on their size, age, breed, and overall health status. While vitamin C is an essential nutrient for dogs, they can synthesize it naturally in their body and may not require additional supplementation. In general, dogs require approximately 18mg/kg of vitamin C per day, and the recommended daily dosage of vitamin C for dogs is typically around 500mg to 1000mg per day, depending on their weight and health status. However, giving too much vitamin C to dogs can lead to stomach upset, diarrhea, and other health issues Conclusion Vitamin C can be a useful addition to your dog’s diet whether
Probably the biggest minefield of confusion and misinformation in the pet food and health industry in recent years, Dilated Cardiomyopathy (commonly known as DCM) is a topic that has many of our customers and readers here at My Pet Nutritionist, worrying. We thought we would put together this handy guide on DCM, what it is, what the conflict is all about, how to reduce the risk of your dog developing it, and how to support the body when suffering with it. What is Dilated Cardiomyopathy? Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a major, incurable heart condition, whereby part of the heart is enlarged. The left ventricle is one of the four chambers of the heart, and is responsible for pumping blood from the heart to the rest of the body. As the chamber dilates (enlarges), the chamber wall becomes thinner and thinner. As we all know, the heart is a muscle. When a muscle is overstretched for long periods of time, it becomes weaker. When the enlarged chamber stretches, and the wall becomes thinner, is also gets weaker; this effects the ability to efficiently pump blood around the body due to the lack of power from the left ventricle. When the body is starved of oxygenated blood, various muscles are affected, and the body is unable to properly function. DCM can be caused by an underlying heart disease, such as blocked or narrow coronary arteries, or badly managed high blood pressure. Genetics also plays a role in DCM development as it can be a hereditary condition. Dogs with a history of heart problems must never be used in any breeding programmes for this very reason. DCM can also be as a result of type 2 diabetes – diabetic cardiomyopathy. Findings Here Findings Here Some breeds are at a higher, predisposed risk of developing DCM. These include: Cocker spaniel Doberman Scottish Deerhound Irish Wolfhound Boxer Great Dane Newfoundland The DCM Conflict In recent years, there’s been a massive debate on pet foods and DCM. A study by one of the large kibble companies suggested a potential link between DCM and grain free diets. Since then, a list of specific brands has been shared virally across various social media platforms, stating these brands are ‘the worst’ – most of those on the list were higher in meat than most dry foods, and didn’t contain grains. While we don’t recommend feeding a kibble diet here at MPN (we prefer fresh feeding!), the initial panic was quickly debunked by a large number of studies, however the misinformation continues to spread to this day. The suggested link was that the legumes often used to replace grains in grain free dry foods, blocked taurine receptors in the heart, which in turn caused DCM. We wouldn’t recommend feeding grains or legumes regardless! Sadly, this suggestion spiralled out of control, and people began thinking even fresh food would benefit from grains to reduce the DCM risk, which of course, wouldn’t! Grains don’t actually contain any taurine, only precursor amino acids called cystine and methionine. Taurine is found most plentifully in meat, offal, and eggs. Let’s take a look at big cats for a minute. Feline species cannot function at all without a taurine rich diet; it’s one of the most essential nutrients in a cat’s diet. Cats are obligate carnivores – meaning they need a purely meat diet to thrive. This proves a fresh meat based diet provides plenty of taurine. Legumes are not a food type we would recommend, regardless of current diet due to their content of lectin. Lectin contributes to leaky gut, which in turn contributes to intolerances due to poor gut integrity. A healthy gut is key to general health. More on Leaky Gut here! Grains are not an ingredient we would recommend feeding your dog either. They have no place in a canine diet, and can cause a blood sugar spike. Grains are hard to digest due to the short digestive tract of a dog, and some, such as rice, contain potentially harmful substances like arsenic. How to prevent DCM, and Support The Body With It Unfortunately, DCM is tricky to prevent, especially in those who are effected genetically. There are a number of supplements and dietary additions which can help reduce the risk of DCM; let’s take a look at some of these: Probiotics Specifically Lactobacillus plantarum has been proven in a study on rats, to improve receptor expression in the heart, and supress apoptosis in the heart. Apoptosis is cell death – when the muscle is enlarged, cardiac apoptosis occurs which weakens the chamber wall. Probiotic therapy using Lactobacillus may be a great option for your pet, particularly if they are suffering from DCM as a result of diabetes. Findings Here Taurine Taurine is an amino acid which is essential for a healthy nervous system, and also contributes to immune health. Taurine helps regulate hydration by balancing cellular electrolytes, helps with bile production which enables healthy digestion, regulates calcium intake in the body’s cells, maintains antioxidant function, and helps keep the heart and eyes healthy. Taurine deficiencies in animals have been linked to muscle weakening, including that of the heart, eye problems, liver disease and increased risk of developing diabetes. Great sources of taurine include brain, heart, muscle meat, and eggs. Findings Here Findings Here Omega 3 Omega 3 is a great anti-inflammatory addition. Inflammation affects the heart as it damages the blood vessels, and can contribute to inflammation of the heart’s chambers, which leads to heart disease. Omega 3 Fatty Acids help regulate triglycerides in the body. While some triglycerides are important for storing energy to be utilised by the body, too many can cause extra fatty deposits which can put strain on the heart. Great sources of omega 3 include oily fish, fish oils, raw eggs, and algae oils. Findings Here Findings Here Findings Here CoenzymeQ10 CoQ10 is an antioxidant enzyme which helps repair cells within
A common issue presented among our clients, readers, and followers here at My Pet Nutritionist is low stomach acid (hypochlorhydria).There are numerous signs and symptoms that your pet may have low stomach acid; let’s discuss the most common ones! Acid Reflux Low stomach acid will usually result in Acid Reflux, or it’s most severe form, Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). When a dog has GERD, there is a backflow of stomach acid. Dogs presenting with the below clinical signs, are often prescribed Proton Pump Inhibiting drugs (PPI’s), which suppress acid secretion in the stomach, and can provide temporary relief, but can cause more implications in the longer term, and will not erase the cause of the low stomach acid, or its symptoms. Most commonly seen in brachycephalic dogs and cats, and those with shorter a oesophagus, low stomach acid is being seen more and more often in the animal health and nutrition industry. Read our Guide to Acid Reflux here Regurgitation Probably the most common sign of low stomach acid is regurgitation (bringing up partly digested food), bringing up bile (clear, yellow substance produced in the liver, and stored in the gallbladder for use during digestion), and sometimes bloody vomit. These various nauseating problems occur due to the mixture of digesting/partly undigested food, known as chyme, sitting in the stomach for prolonged periods of time. When it sits in the stomach for so long, inflammation worsens in the area, which ultimately causes food or bile to come back up, since it is unable to go down! A popular supplement used as part of many dogs’ battles against regurgitation, is Deglycyrrhizinated Liquorice (DGL)which is a great anti-inflammatory for the stomach, and helps heal the gut. Findings Here Indigestion Dogs and cats fed a raw diet while suffering from low stomach acid, will often be unable to properly digest meat and bone. Pets with indigestion will often have pieces of bone and fresh-looking meat in their vomit. In order to digest bone and meat (or other sources of protein), the gastrointestinal juices must be acidic. If there is little acid available, the pet will be unable to digest and utilise the bone and meat. During fasting (between meals), the dogs gastrointestinal juices are around pH 7.3, which is almost neutral. In anticipation of food, during eating, and during the process of digestion, the gastric juices drop to a very acidic pH of 1 to 2 – that’s not too dissimilar to the pH level of battery acid! Findings Here We often recommend a gently cooked diet as per our balanced recipes for those suffering with low stomach acid, as cooked meat and bone substitutes are much easier to digest. Lip/Air Licking Another very common sign of low stomach acid is lip licking, often called ‘lip smacking’, as well as licking the air. These are not only signs of pain, but also signs of nausea in both dogs and cats. Drooling and lack of appetite are also signs of nausea in both species. Stomach Pain, Bloating and Gas Due to the inability to digest food properly and efficiently, stomach pain (particularly after eating) is common in those suffering with low stomach acid production. Dogs especially, often display unusual behaviours like bowing (just like the ‘downward dog’ yoga position!) when their stomach is sore. This position can help relieve the pain. Some pets will look sharply at their stomach when in pain, which is a very subtle sign, so often one missed. Cats will often become more vocal when in pain, or lose their appetite. Stomach pain can also be caused by bloating, and excessive gas. The inflammation of the stomach can lead to visible bloating. The gasses produced by the chyme mixture in the stomach will also further add to the bloating. In order to release these gasses, owners of pets suffering with low stomach acid will often notice more passing of wind through the anal passage, or through burping. Probiotics and gut healing protocols can help reduce these symptoms. Another cause of bloat and excessive gas is bacterial overgrowth in the gut. Known as SIBO (Small Intestine Bacterial Overgrowth), the overgrowth of bacteria alters not only gut motility, but also affects the gut-brain axis. Findings Here Findings Here Burping/Empty Swallowing Burping and empty swallowing (regular swallowing despite the pet not eating or drinking beforehand) are signs the pet has low stomach acid. Due to the low stomach acid content, the chyme will produce gasses which will cause burping and the feeling of sickness, hence the swallowing. Dogs and cats may also swallow when they have regurgitated, which would appear as empty swallowing. Constipation and Diarrhoea Irregular bowel movements and consistency of bowel movements can be a sign of low stomach acid in dogs and cats. Due to the lack of appropriate levels of stomach acid in these individuals, their metabolic rate decreases, meaning that important parts of the diet will take differing times of absorption, which can play havoc on the bowel. Pets who struggle with indigestion of raw bone may struggle with diarrhoea. A large part of the problem when it comes to irregular bowel issues, is down to bacterial overgrowth in the gut. As previously mentioned, SIBO has a huge impact on the gut-brain axis, as well as gut motility, leading to malabsorption of nutrients which can ultimately lead to both chronic and non-chronic diarrhoea and constipation. Conditions such as IBD may be diagnosed following SIBO in dogs with low stomach acid. Findings Here Bad breath As the chyme is stuck in the digestive system for such along time, it can lead to bad breath. Many pet owners associate bad breath with oral hygiene/dental issues, which is absolutely a possibility. These owners are often startled to see their pets have perfect oral health; yet are still suffering from bad breath. Digestive issues are a very common cause of bad breath, so it’s important to look into these too, especially SIBO. Focusing on the gut health should dramatically improve bad breath.
Iodine is an extremely important mineral to include in your dog’s diet. It has many uses in the body and is the backbone of many bodily functions. At My Pet Nutritionist, we understand the importance of micronutrients, and strive to educate pet owners in how to feed their pets with maximum health benefits. Let’s look at what roles iodine plays in the body, and where it can be found. The Role of Iodine in the Body Iodine is a trace mineral which cannot be made by the body. As it is so important, and cannot be produced by the body, it must be consumed in the diet of all mammals. Iodine is essential for healthy functioning of the thyroid. The hormones used by the thyroid, thyroxine and triiodothyronine, cannot be made without iodine. These hormones support a healthy metabolism, as well as protein creation and keeping enzymatic functions under control in the body. Linked to the support of enzymes, an iodine rich diet enables the body to use calorific intake as energy instead of being stored as fat. While doing this, iodine also helps rid the body of harmful heavy metals like Mercury. Iodine can also aid cancer prevention by causing a process called ‘Apoptosis’ to occur. Apoptosis is the self-destruction of cancerous cells. Acting as an antioxidant stimulator is another of iodine’s roles in the body, and in turn helps keep the immune system strong. If we compare canines to humans with regards to iodine turnover in the thyroid, the turnover of iodine in the canine is far more rapid than that in the human. Dogs are not as good at conserving iodine stores as humans are, and also deposit more in faecal waste, making iodine consumption extremely important. Findings Here Findings Here Sources of Iodine Iodine is found in the highest amounts in sea dwelling vegetation, and animal based proteins. The amount of iodine in different sea vegetable based supplements varies, so it’s important to choose one with a good amount of iodine, but not too high an amount. Findings Here Kelp Seaweed – dried – 6635mcg per 5g Wakame Seaweed – dried – 210mcg per 5g Nori Seaweed – dried – 116mcg per 5g Cod – cooked – 186mcg per 100g Oysters – cooked – 109mcg per 100g Eggs – cooked – 26mcg per egg Beef Liver – cooked – 16mcg per 100g Prawns – cooked – 15mcg per 100g Leafy greens – steamed – 8.8mcg per 100g Low Fat Fish Iodine Deficiencies There are numerous health issues caused by a lack of sufficient amounts of iodine in the diet. Let’s explore those. Hypothyroidism Hypothyroidism is caused by a deficiency of the thyroid hormones, which is caused by a deficiency of iodine in the diet. Iodine is a huge part of the synthesis of thyroxine and triiodothyronine, so with a lack of it, these hormones cannot be produced in the amounts required by the thyroid to avoid hypothyroidism. Symptoms of hypothyroidism include weight gain due to decreased metabolic rate, difficulty regulating body temperature/warming up, baldness/excess shedding, lethargy, and other skin related issues. One study also suggests a link between hypothyroidism and behavioural changes, but this is an avenue not fully explored yet. Some commercially prepared diets have been shown to lack the correct amount of iodine a dog needs, vs home cooked with and without suitable iodine supplements added, so no matter what you feed, if any of the symptoms above are present in your dog, you may wish to book a consultation with one of our team. Read more about Hypothyroidism here. Findings Here Findings Here Cancer Iodine deficiency seems to stimulate follicular cell-derived thyroid cancer. It may not be the base cause of the cancer itself (known as the ‘initiator’) but certainly stimulates carcinogenesis. Thyroxine therapy is often used in thyroid cancer cases, to suppress the cancer. Studies show carefully supplemented diets with sufficient iodine content result in less serious cases of thyroid cancers. Findings Here Findings Here Studies also show links between cancers of the breast and iodine deficiency. Treating canine mammary cancer with iodine alongside antineoplastic drugs is proven to be very effective. Findings Here Goiters Goiters are swellings of the thyroid gland, which present clinically as a lump in the throat. Often a direct result of an iodine deficiency, goiters can be rectified by increasing the amount of iodine in the diet. Goiters can also be caused by hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, or even thyroid disease, so its important to seek veterinary attention. Findings Here Can You Give Too Much Iodine? The short answer is … yes! There are numerous studies on dogs given too much iodine, and iodine toxicity is a condition to be mindful of. At My Pet Nutritionist, of course we recommend a well balanced fresh diet, whether that is raw or cooked, as per our recipes, however if you are feeding a commercially prepared dry food, be mindful that the food may either lack, have the correct amount of, or even exceed the required amount of iodine for your dog; we just don’t know! Hyperthyroidism is a risk when the dog has too much iodine in the diet. Symptoms of hyperthyroidism include weight loss due to a vast increase in metabolic rate, swelling of the neck/thyroid gland, excessive urination, excessive thirst, excessive defecation, and choking/vomiting. Read more about Hyperthyroidism here. Findings Here If you have any worries about your pet’s diet, or want to improve their diet, please don’t hesitate to book a consultation with one of our team! Team MPN x
As a we are well and truly into the festive season, our team here at My Pet Nutritionist thought we would have some foodie fun! Here’s our doggie (and kitty, for the animal based ones!) rendition of 12 Days of Christmas, as we take a look at the benefits of the My Pet Nutritionist ’12 Foods of Christmas’! On the first day of Christmas my owner gave to me….Turkey! Probably one of the first foods we think of when mentioning Christmas, turkey is a great option for your dog over the festive period (and any other period too)! Often used when first transitioning to a raw or fresh diet, turkey is easily digestible, and low in fat; around 4.7g per 100g with no skin. Turkey breast is the lowest fat part of the turkey. Adding turkey skin does add a little fat. Turkey is roughly 30% protein, so a great protein source! As turkey is low on the Glycaemic Index (GI), it helps reduce the amount of cholesterol often associated with major health implications, and replaces it with ‘good’ cholesterol. Low GI foods are also great for diabetes sufferers because they don’t cause a blood sugar spike, unlike those food items higher on the Glycaemic Index. Turkey is a great source of selenium, which has links to reducing the risk of certain cancers, including those affecting the bladder,stomach, prostate, and lung. Selenium protects cells from damage caused by free radicals. Findings Here Findings Here Choline is another essential nutrient in a dog’s diet, which is found in turkey. With benefits to cognitive function, cardiac and hepatic health, nervous system and proper functioning of muscles, choline is important to include in the diet. Another great source of Choline is krill oil. Findings Here Other nutrients found in turkey include iron, potassium, phosphorous, magnesium, zinc, sodium and vitamins B3 (Niacin), B6 and B12. On the second day of Christmas my owner gave to me…Pheasant! A slightly less popular festive feast, but still well-loved around the country, pheasant is another great option for our furry friends. Like turkey, pheasant is low in fat, with around 3.5g in 100g of pheasant. At nearly 25% protein, pheasant is another great source of protein. Some essential micronutrients found in relatively high amounts in pheasant include: Potassium: essential for cardiovascular health, healthy blood pressure and renal blood flow. Potassium reduces amount of excess sodium in the body. Phosphorous: essential for bone and dental strength, cardiac function, and also healthy metabolism. Iron: essential for enzyme function and blood health. Iron carries oxygen in the haemoglobin of red blood cells, enabling all major organs access to plenty of oxygen supplies for healthy functioning. Vitamin B3 (Niacin): essential to aid metabolism of fats, fatty acids, and glucose. Niacin aids healthy cognitive development, helps in hormone secretion, and helps control production of bile and stomach acid. Findings Here Findings Here Findings Here Findings Here Other vitamins and minerals found in pheasant meat include, magnesium, sodium, zinc, selenium, and vitamins A (Retinol), B1 (Thiamine), B2(Riboflavin), and C. On the third day of Christmas my owner gave to me… Goose! Another high protein, festive option for our dogs and cats, is goose. While it is high in protein (29g in a 100g portion), it is also much higher in fat than turkey and pheasant. Skinless goose meat comes in at around 12g of fat per 100g, but goose meat including the skin comes in at a whopping 30-40% fat. One good thing about the fats in goose meat, is their content of Oleic Acid which helps prevent heart disease, and can also aid reduction of cholesterol in the body. Essential nutrients found in abundance in goose include: Vitamin A (Retinol): essential for steady bone growth, leading to healthy functioning of the nervous system. Retinol is also essential for eye health and plays a huge role in cell differentiation during immune responses. Sodium: an electrolyte, essential as part of the healthy functioning of muscles and nerves due to assisting the control of bodily fluid production. Studies also show links between excess sodium, lack of sodium, and behavioural stress. Glycine: an amino acid, which is a great aid for collagen synthesis for healthy joints, skin, and coat. Studies show it also helps heal the kidney in dogs after trauma. Findings Here Findings Here Findings Here Other nutrients found in goose include zinc, selenium, phosphorous, copper and iron, as well as vitamin B6. On the fourth day of Christmas my owner gave to me…Duck! Another high protein, relatively high fat option is duck. A firm favourite of many, duck provides an excellent source of omega 3 fatty acids, as well as omega 6 fatty acids. Being such a great source of omega 3 helps bring down the inflammatory effect of the omega 6 content found in many meats, especially farmed meats. Omega 3 fatty acids cannot be produced by the body as they are polyunsaturated; they must be consumed in the diet. Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA), Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA) and Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) are the three omega 3 fatty acids, which all aid different bodily functions by reducing inflammation. Omega 6 fatty acids named Linolenic Acid (LA) and Arachidonic Acid (ARA) are both inflammatory, whereas the exception to the rule of thumb that Omega 6 is inflammatory, is Gamma-linolenic Acid (GLA) which is anti-inflammatory, and is essential for healthy control of hormones. Having a ‘happy balance’ of omegas, makes duck meat a great choice, though adding extra omega 3 is still beneficial. Duck is also a great source of the following nutrients: Vitamin B1 (Thiamine): used in the creation of nucleotides in DNA, thiamine is essential for muscle growth and development, and the normal functioning of the nervous system. Thiamine also helps the production of enzymes to help digest carbohydrates found in plant matter. Copper: essential to help red blood cell production, and absorption of iron. Copper also plays a role in pigmentation of skin and coat, as well as formation of connective tissues. Zinc: an
The fancy way of saying hair loss, alopecia affects more pets than we may think. It may be congenital or acquired and for it to be managed effectively, we really need to understand it. So, let’s take a look at 5 reasons for alopecia in pets. What is Alopecia? Alopecia is the partial or complete lack of hairs in areas where they are normally present. We can imagine our pet’s hair (and skin for that matter) as a report card for the body. If it’s looking a little worrisome, we need to investigate. As we mentioned, alopecia can be both congenital and acquired. Congenital means the animal is born with the condition. Congenital hair loss may or may not be hereditary. It’s caused by a lack of normal development of hair follicles. It may be apparent at, or shortly after birth. Your pet may be born with a normal coat, and patchy or widespread hair loss occurs when they become a young adult. In acquired hair loss, your pet is born with a normal hair coat. It has or had normal hair follicles at one time and is or could produce structurally normal hairs. Subsequently, any disease that can affect hair follicles can cause hair loss. Certain diseases may destroy the hair follicle or shaft or interfere with the growth of hair. Some diseases can cause discomfort, leading to self-trauma (scratching and biting) and loss of hair. It’s important to remember that acquired hair loss can be inflammatory or non-inflammatory. What diseases can Interfere with the growth of hair? Diseases that can directly cause destruction or damage to the hair shaft or follicle include bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infections. It can also include inflammatory diseases of the skin along with skin trauma. These diseases tend to be inflammatory. Parasites and What You Really Need to Know But there can also be factors that inhibit or slow down follicle growth resulting in alopecia. Let’s take a look. Nutritional Deficiencies We are seeing more and more data around specific nutrients in hair growth and health. For example: – Low vitamin D status has been implicated in cases of alopecia, – Over-supplementation of Vitamin A is associated with alopecia – In a Biotin deficiency, signs include hair loss – Folate deficiency can result in hair, skin and nail changes – Vitamin C is known to aid iron absorption, the latter being implicated in hair loss – Hair loss is a common sign of zinc deficiency – Hair loss can be seen in Iodine deficiency as it’s a mineral that aids thyroid function (we’ll share why this is relevant next) We advocate a fresh food diet, rich in nutrients to support overall health. Check out our range of blogs on different nutrients if you would like to learn more. Hormonal imbalances So much of a factor, there is a condition deemed hormonal alopecia in dogs. This can be linked to neutering with many owners reporting hair loss or thinning post neutering. But when we say hormones, we are also considering thyroid hormones. The thyroid gland is active in the initiation of hair growth and replacement. Located in the neck near the trachea or windpipe, this gland produces hormones which regulate metabolism. Both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism can result in hair loss in the dog although hypothyroidism is likely the more commonly occurring form of hormonal alopecia in dogs. Initially hair loss is patchy, the coat is dry, the hair is brittle and easily pulled out. Quite often hyper pigmentation occurs. In some cases, secondary pyoderma and seborrheic dermatitis may follow. Ultimate Guide: Hypothyroidism Stress Hair loss can follow months after a traumatic event often making it difficult to connect the dots. Hair cycles through different phases and all follicles can be at different stages at any one time. What we now know is that high levels of stress can cause shifts in those cycles. This results in balding or thinning of hair. Stress also depletes nutritional resources along with impeding the digestion and absorption of them and as we’ve already mentioned, sufficient growth relies on a great supply of nutrients. Can Stress Affect My Dog’s Digestive System? Irritation When your dog scratches or bites because they are irritated, it can result in hair loss. Causes of irritation include: – Infection – Pain – Parasites – Sensitivities/allergies Itchy Dogs and Cats Naturally Things to Think About: Skin Health in Dogs Overgrooming Overgrooming can be a calming behaviour employed by your pet. This may be in response to stress or being overwhelmed. Its important to notice any change in grooming behaviour and establish the potential trigger. Stressors may include: – Change in routine – Addition of a new pet – Our own stress – Change in health – Time of year – holidays/fireworks/weather change If you think hair loss may be associated with stress, check out the following blogs for more information: The Pet Owner’s Stress Load Using Nutrition To Support The Stressed Dog Why Dogs Need To Chew 5 Nutrients to Support Your Anxious Dog Overgrooming can also be linked to pain and digestive issues, so check out our blog on licking behaviour for more information. Why Does My Dog Keep Licking Signs of Hair Loss Signs of hair loss may be obvious or subtle, depending on what’s causing it. Congenital or hereditary hair loss can be symmetric (appearing similar on both sides of the body) or located in one area only. It is not usually accompanied by inflammation. Signs of acquired hair loss are influenced by the underlying causes. Hair loss may affect an isolated spot or multiple areas; it may be symmetric or widespread. You may also notice inflammation, thickened skin, colour change, scaling, excessive shedding and/or itching. In addition, some causes may lead to the development of secondary skin diseases like infection or fluid discharge. Some questions to ask when establishing the cause of your pet’s alopecia? Are they getting the nutrients they need from the diet they are offered? Could stress
If you have followed us here at My Pet Nutritionist for any length of time you’ll know that we’re all about the fresh feeding of pets. But did you know that even if you can’t commit to a 100% fresh food diet, you can still add some powerhouse ingredients to your dog’s existing diet to reap some rewards? We thought we’d share some great additions that are super-easy to add to your dog’s diet. Green Leafy Vegetables Top of the list for a reason. Green leafy vegetables include spinach, kale, watercress and broccoli. In green leafy vegetables you will find vitamins A, C, E and K along with many of the B-vitamins. These vegetables also contain carotenoids. Carotenoids act as an antioxidant, deactivating free-radicals and limiting the damage they can cause. Green leafy vegetables also contain a rich source of folate, this is after all, where the name came from. Folate comes from the Latin folium, because it was first found in leaves! Folate functions as a coenzyme in many processes in the body. It is needed to make DNA and other genetic material and is essential in cell division. In short, it helps tissues grow and makes cells work. Folate is also involved in neurotransmitter synthesis, so it is implicated in mood and subsequently behaviour too! Being water-soluble, there is a high turnover in the body so we need to replenish this trusty vitamin regularly! Did you know? One particular study showed a reduced rate of bladder cancer when leafy veg was added to the dog’s diet! Findings Here So, lightly steam your leafy greens and add them to that bowl! Mushrooms Mushrooms have been seen to be: Anti-inflammatory Anti-microbial Antioxidant Prebiotic Anti-diabetic But which ones to feed? Reishi mushrooms are adored for their immunomodulating benefits. Maiitike mushrooms have been used for their antibacterial function. Cordyceps have been seen to inhibit inflammatory responses throughout the body. Findings Here If you are looking to add mushrooms to the bowl, cook them fully, lightly sauteed is fine. If you are looking to use them therapeutically, then please feel free to get in touch for advice and guidance. Eggs There’s a reason eggs are the protein reference. They contain the full essential amino acid profile. Eggs contain essential lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals and trace elements including vitamin A, iron, vitamin B12, riboflavin, choline, zinc and calcium. Egg proteins are distributed equally between egg white and egg yolk, whilst lipids, vitamins and minerals are essentially concentrated in the egg yolk. The yolk is a rich source of linoleic acid and as we know, LA is abundant in the epidermis of the skin, so eggs are a great source of food to support skin health. There are also a range of proteins found in the egg that exhibit antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic activity. Avidin is seen to target bacteria, lysozyme is seen to target bacteria, virus and fungi, and cystatin targets the above with parasites included! Where you source your eggs from is essential, free-range birds produce more nutrient dense eggs than caged. Free-rearing results in much higher levels of tocopherol, alpha-tocopherol and lutein content. The anti-microbial function of the egg white is also modulated when hens are exposed to environmental microbes. Findings Here So, if you want to add egg to the bowl, source free-range and organic. You can feed raw or cooked, and the egg shell is perfectly safe to feed too! Can My Dog Eat Raw Eggs? Hemp Seeds (milled) Hemp seeds are incredibly popular for good reason! They possess a perfect ratio of omega 6:3! Hemp seeds contain an Omega 6 fatty acid called GLA (gamma linolenic acid) and research shows that GLA can support production of various prostaglandins and leukotrienes (the compounds that influence inflammation and pain). Some of the prostaglandins and leukotrienes can increase symptoms, while others decrease them. Taking GLA helps support the favoured prostaglandins and leukotrienes, helping to reduce inflammation and disease associated with inflammation such as skin disorders, reproductive issues, arthritis and more! Not only that but hemp seeds are a great source of: protein fibre vitamin E magnesium phosphorous potassium iron zinc They are also a good source of B vitamins, including: niacin riboflavin thiamine vitamin B6 folate (B9) These fresh food additions are generally tolerated by most dogs, when fed in moderation. Start slow, and only introduce one new food at a time. If you would like any more support in what to offer in your dog’s diet, then please check out our services! Thanks for reading, MPN Team
We often see the phrase “let food be thy medicine” bandied around, and for all intents and purposes it is accurate. We see that both health and disease are nutritionally responsive. What we mean here is that the food we eat, and feed our pets can influence their health and/or disease states. Where most think this ends with physical health, what we are seeing more and more is that food can also influence emotional states. So, can food support your anxious dog? You bet it can! So let’s take a look. Smashing Fish! Omega-3’s, in particular DHA, play critical neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory roles in the brain. Supplementation of omega-3 has been seen to: – Improve cognitive function Findings here – Reduce anxious symptoms Findings here – Reduce aggressive behaviours Findings here – Reduced stress-related hormone production Findings here Did you know? Omega-3 levels are regularly noted as being low in aggressive dogs. This isn’t indicating causation, simply an observation worth noting. We find these super-omegas in fish! Think SMASH – sardines, mackerel, anchovies, salmon and herring! Calming Chamomile Chamomile (Matricaria recutita) is one of the most widely used herbal remedies in the world. While there are many varieties of chamomile, Roman (A. nobilis) and German (M. recutita) are the most widely used forms. These are members of the Compositae (Asteracae) family. German chamomile is considered the more potent and is most widely used. It has many medicinal uses including carminative (anti-colic), antiseptic, and anxiolytic. Did you know? Chamomile is notorious for its continuous bloom! Chamomile serves as a safe, general-purpose calming herb that doesn’t taste too shabby either. In human tests it has been effective in mild to moderate generalized anxiety disorder. Findings Here It can be served as a tea, but is also available as an oil infusion, tincture, salve and ointment. Magnificent Magnesium Can we even talk about anxiety without mentioning this super-important mineral? Often noted as the ultimate chill pill, magnesium is an essential nutrient that many are deficient in. Its low levels are regularly established in cases of depression in humans, so it is clear it plays a role in mood modulation and the stress response. Magnesium affects several neurotransmitter systems. Firstly, it inhibits excitatory neurotransmitters. Excessive excitation can lead to the death of brain cells, which affects the overall structure and functioning of the brain. Magnesium also acts as a cofactor in the serotoninergic system. As we know serotonin is that happy chemical, and low levels of magnesium are regularly linked to low serotonin levels. Did you know? Magnesium excretion is increased during times of stress. Catecholamines and corticosteroids enhance the shift of magnesium from inside the cell to outside of the cell leading to increased urinary excretion. In turn, low magnesium levels increase the release of stress-associated hormones. This unfortunately creates a cycle of a reduced resistance to stress. So, if you have a stressed pet, you may want to take a look at how you can increase their magnesium intake. Magnesium is found in leafy greens, nuts, and seeds. The ones packing the highest punch are spinach and pumpkin seeds. No wonder Popeye always looked so happy! Brilliant B-Vitamins Many of the B-Vitamins are involved in functions which directly impact the brain and nervous system. To single them out specifically, B12 and folate are reportedly low in cases of mood disorders in humans. Did you know? B-vitamins can become depleted during times of stress, the more the body requires them for tasks, the more they need replenishing. Stress also affects the lining in the stomach and compromises its function. Intrinsic factor is essential in B12 absorption but lack of production due to compromised function can significantly affect B12 levels. B-Vitamins can be found in eggs, liver, kidneys, chicken, red meat, tuna, mackerel, salmon, shellfish and dark green vegetables like spinach and kale. There’s a reason you were always told to eat your greens! Healing Herbs Skullcap and Valerian are some more of our trusted herbs to support the anxious pet. Many will recognise valerian for its similar smell to old, dirty socks! Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) is commonly used for the treatment of insomnia and anxiety disorders in humans. It has a mechanism of action similar to benzodiazepines. Valerian has been shown to decrease the removal or metabolism of GABA, thereby allowing GABA to stay around longer and do its thing, and as we know, GABA is the brake-like neurotransmitter in the body. Findings Here Valerian is available in tincture, tea and fresh or dried root. Skullcap has a similar mechanism of action to Valerian in that it is thought to be GABAergic. But it is also thought to have an effect on serotonin receptors, which is why it has reported sedative and relaxing effects. A small, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study of 43 human participants demonstrated that skullcap reduced symptoms of anxiety and depression in some individuals without causing an observable reduction in energy or cognition. In both cats and dogs, skullcap has been effective in general nervousness and excitability and in any condition where there is oversensitivity in the nervous system. Skullcap is usually found in dried herb or tincture form. Food is certainly a tool in your box when supporting your pet’s well-being, if you would like any guidance then please check out our services to see how we can help. Thanks for reading, MPN Team
Fats can be a little bit of a minefield, so we thought we’d explore sources of both omega-3 and omega 6 in a little more detail, and how to feed them to your dog. In dogs, the body has a requirement for two distinct EFA families. The Omega-6 and Omega-3 series. Omega-6 Gamma-Linolenic Acid (GLA) Linoleic Acid (LA)Arachidonic Acid (AA) Omega-3 Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA) Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) Omega-3 fatty acids, ALA (alpha linolenic acid) is often found in certain plants such as flax seed, sacha inchi seed, hemp seeds, chia seeds, avocado flesh only and oysters. Although ALA foods and supplements are not a substitute for fish or algae oil, due to the high Omega-6 content also, they can be an excellent additional supplement to include in the diet and added to certain meat sources. DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) are often found in high levels and good ratios in fish (these have the most anti-inflammatory effect). Found in salmon, tuna, trout,cod, krill, oysters, seabass, mackerel, sardines and anchovies. Non animal sources containing DHA and EPA are phytoplankton and marine algae oil. Although these are great additions to your dog’s diet, they do not contain as much DHA and EPA as fish.They therefore don’t exert as much of an anti-inflammatory effect. Let’s explore fat sources in a little more detail. Fish and Fish Oil Whole fish is a great addition to your dog’s diet but ensuring you don’t feed fish from the Pacific due to radiation, heavy metals and toxins, is essential. Feeding small fish such as krill, sardines, anchovies and mackerel are better options. Oils in this form can be found too. Oils must not be kept for longer than 3 months and also should be stored in a safe, cool, refrigerated place. Glass tinted bottles or air tight pumps and capsules are best. Always look for antioxidant technology or the addition of tocopherol (vitamin E 4-10 iu for 1 gram is good). Quality is key as is storage to prevent rancidity. Algae Oil Algae are aquatic, plant-like organisms. Algae is always a great option for dogs allergic to or who don’t like fish. Algae sources are also DHA dominant as opposed to fish that are EPA dominant. Phytoplankton Phytoplankton are microorganisms that drift about in water. Phytoplankton are photosynthetic (have the ability to use sunlight to produce energy) and whilst they are plant-like with this ability, phytoplankton are not plants. They do however contain DHA and EPA and hold similar values to algae. Phytoplankton is a good option for those who want a sustainable product, as it can be grown in filtered water, free from heavy metals and toxicity found in the ocean. Hemp Seeds Milled and Hemp Seed Oil (Non Psychoactive) The reason hemp seed oil and hemp seeds milled are so popular is because of the perfect ratio it offers of Omega-6 to Omega-3 fatty acids; 3:1. Hempseed contains the Omega 6 fatty acid called GLA (gamma linolenic acid). Research shows that GLA can support production of various prostaglandins and leukotrienes (the compounds that influence inflammation and pain). Some of the prostaglandins and leukotrienes can increase symptoms, while others decrease them. Taking GLA helps support the favoured prostaglandins and leukotrienes, helping to reduce inflammation and disease associated with inflammation such as skin disorders, reproductive issues, arthritis and cancer. Recommended approximate amounts of fats to feed your dog Whole Fish Feed 28-30 grams of fish per 450 grams of ruminant fed. Feed 112-120 grams for every 450 grams of poultry fed. Fish Oil Must be made from sardines, mackerel or anchovies. There will be less toxins and only mostly fed from phytoplankton. Phytoplankton Follow instructions on the phytoplankton you purchase as they frequently differ in volume. Hempseed, Milled Feed 4-6 tsp per 1kg of food. Hempseed Oil Feed up to 1 tsp per 5kg of weight If you are unsure on which fats or how to feed them to your pet, then check out our services to see how we can help. Thanks for reading, MPN Team
Fats get a bad rap in the human world, we were told for decades that fat makes us fat and it’s not great for our cholesterol either. Thankfully, we have more balanced data available and we now know that it’s more about the type of fat that we eat. But, we can still be a little confused about the types of fats available and we can bring this confusion to our dog’s diet too. So, let’s take a look at fats for the canine. The different types and the functions of them around the body. What Are Fats? Dietary fat is a group of compounds (substances made up of two or more elements) known as lipids. They are insoluble in water (hydrophobic). The easiest way to understand this is noticing that you can’t wash fat off your hands without the help of soap. Lipids that are solid at room temperature are usually called fats, whereas those liquid at room temperature are called oils. Lipids can then be further categorised into: Simple: include triglycerides, which are the most common form of fat in the diet. These are the best reserve of food material, and act as an insulator and protector of internal organs. Compound: consist of a lipid and a non-lipid compound; lipoproteins are compound lipids and these are what carry fat around in the bloodstream. Derived: products of simple and compound lipids. These include sterol (sub-group of steroids) compounds such as cholesterol, and fat-soluble vitamins. Yes you read that right, we need fat to produce steroid hormones like cortisol (regulator of the stress response) and sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone). Fats can then be differentiated by the types of fatty acids they contain. Fatty Acids Fatty acids can be saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated. The difference is in their structure. Saturated fatty acids contain no double bonds between the carbon atoms and are therefore saturated with hydrogen. Monounsaturated fatty acids have one double bond (mono=one). Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have two or more double bonds (poly=many). The more double bonds a fatty acid has, the less stable the molecule, which means it is more susceptible to oxidation, resulting in rancidity. This is why fish oils should be stored in a dark, glass bottle and why PUFA rich oils aren’t the best to fry your eggs with. The double bonds found in unsaturated fats can take different configurations, cis or trans. Naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids have cis configurations. However, trans configurations are usually introduced into foods during manufacturing/processing. Trans fatty acids have been known to negatively affect lipoproteins which, in humans, have been associated with a range of diseases. Findings Here The Function of Fat Fat enters the body from the diet and finds its way through the stomach, and into the small intestine. Here it is bombarded with enzymes from the pancreas (lipase), and bile salts from the liver. During this process, fat and cholesterol is packaged into particles called chylomicrons. The fatty acids are now small enough to be passed through the lymphatic system and then into the bloodstream. As triglycerides are metabolised on the journey, the chylomicron gets smaller; resulting in a remnant which is rich in cholesterol. This is then taken in by the liver and repackaged which can then be released by the liver at a later stage. Your Pet’s Lymphatic System Fat as Energy Fatty acids are used throughout the body for a range of functions, primarily energy, but if they are not needed, they can be stored in adipose tissue. Here, they are an energy source for a later stage. They also serve as insulation, protecting the body from heat loss and also from injury or trauma to vital organs. Dogs seem to be more efficient at using fat as energy than humans. It is thought that albumin (a globular protein made by the liver) binds more free fatty acids in dogs than in other species, so the concentration of fatty acids in the blood is higher and therefore the delivery of fatty acids to muscles is higher. So, fat provides energy, but it also contributes to many metabolic and structural functions. Other Functions Of Fat As we have mentioned, lipoproteins provide for the transport of fats throughout the body, and cholesterol is used to form the bile salts necessary for fat digestion and absorption. It is also a precursor for steroid hormones which help control metabolism, salt and water balance, inflammation, immune function and more. Along with other lipids, cholesterol forms a protective layer in the skin too! The body can synthesise most of the fatty acids it needs, but there are some it cannot, and these are known as essential fatty acids. In dogs, the body has a requirement for two distinct EFA families. The Omega-6 and Omega-3 series. Omega-6 Gamma-Linolenic Acid (GLA) Linoleic Acid (LA) Arachidonic Acid (AA) Omega-3 Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA) Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) In most animals, AA can be synthesised from LA, so there isn’t always a dietary requirement for AA (there is for cats). Fatty Acids and Inflammation Eicosanoids are products of the oxidation of the omega families; they are collectively known as prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes. Prostaglandins – these are a group of lipids made at sites of tissue damage or infection. They control inflammation, blood flow and the formation of blood clots. Thromboxane is a substance made by platelets which causes blood clotting and constriction of blood vessels. Leukotrienes are proinflammatory molecules; more commonly noticed for their role in allergy response. They are released when the body encounters an allergen or trigger. The amount and type of eicosanoids synthesised depends largely on the availability and type of fatty acid found in cell membranes. Eicosanoids play an important role in the body, they modulate many processes including reproduction, blood pressure, haemostasis (the process to prevent and stop bleeding) and inflammation. They can be synthesised from AA, GLA and EPA, however, those synthesised from AA are proinflammatory compared to those derived from GLA and
Would you be surprised to know that the skin has developed its own local HPA axis to regulate its exposure to stressors? Recent mapping has found that all regulatory elements found in the central HPA axis are expressed in skin! Could this explain why skin issues tend to worsen when us humans are stressed? More importantly, when skin issues are the top issue facing the majority of dog owners we see here at My Pet Nutritionist, is this something we need to consider? The short answer is yes. So, let us take a deeper dive at what the HPA axis is and how this can influence our pet’s skin issues. The HPA Axis Most of us have heard at one time or another the mention of the HPA axis when we talk about the stress response. It stands for hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. In short, the hypothalamus in the brain receives a message that we are being exposed to a stressor, it then sends a message to the pituitary gland which then sends another message to the adrenal glands. It is the adrenal glands that release the hormones we typically associate with stress, like cortisol and adrenaline/noradrenaline. These stress hormones flood the body, and help it deal with whatever the stressor may be – and then when it has passed, the hormones stop being produced; the body then returns to homeostasis. This exact response also occurs in our pets when faced with a stressful situation, and so our pets too have a HPA axis. Now we know what the HPA axis does, let’s see how the skin has developed its own local axis. The Skin’s HPA Axis The skin is the largest organ of your dog’s body. It consists of three major layers: The Epidermis – (Epi – upon or above) this is the outer layer of skin, the protective layer. The Dermis – the dermis supports and nourishes the outer layer. It provides strength and elasticity. Here you will find collagen fibres, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and hair follicles. You will also find cells that release histamine and other inflammatory mediators when faced with an allergy or injury. The Subcutis – (sub meaning under or below) this in the innermost layer of the skin, where you will find fat and muscles. Subcutaneous fat provides insulation, padding and storage for reserve energy. Not only does the structure of the skin prevent water and electrolyte loss to help maintain body homeostasis, but it forms a protective barrier which helps protect against infections, parasites, and the environment. This is the often-forgotten role of the skin – that it forms part of the immune system. When we think of the skin as the first layer of defence in the immune system, and therefore a type of radar, it makes absolute sense that it should have its own response to stress. It seems that skin cells, known as keratinocytes, can produce the same hormones and neurotransmitters that the “internal” stress response does. These include: corticotropin-releasing-hormone (CRH) cortisol adrenaline noradrenaline dopamine histamine acetylcholine All of these compounds help the body deal with a stressor, they include increasing heart rate, upregulating energy conversion and redirecting resources to those functions that are necessary. So, the skin, we can think of like a radar. It constantly senses the environment and reacts to various stressors like humidity, temperature, changes in the skin microbiome and of course injuries. CRH is possibly the most studied hormone and in the skin, it is involved in the proinflammatory response. When exposed to a stressor, CRH brings an inflammatory response to help manage the threat. If your dog scratched himself, the inflammatory response would be a normal part of healing. However, a natural by-product of this process is that it increases skin permeability which isn’t great long term. The skin serves as a protective barrier and if it becomes permeable, harmful compounds can sneak in, which can cause further problems around the body. Acute Vs. Chronic Stress Like everything, moderation is key – acute stress is manageable, the issue is when it becomes chronic. Where this becomes even more problematic is that animal studies have suggested that skin stress can initiate a central HPA axis response. When researchers exposed rodents to UVB radiation, they found increased stress responses in the adrenal glands. So, not only can the skin respond directly to a stressor, but it can bring the central response to the party too! What this means is that skin stress can cause body wide stress, and again this becomes an issue in chronic skin issues – leading to chronic activation of the “internal” stress response. To add insult to injury, psychological stress increases the production of “internal” stress hormones which then affects skin cell growth and function, compromising structure and altering skin permeability. So not only can skin stress cause psychological stress, but psychological stress can cause skin stress. You can see how this can become a challenging cycle to break. But what we must remember is that most functions in the body serve a necessary function and this mechanism (although challenging) is no different. HPA Axis and Skin Barrier The HPA axis in the skin responds to various stressors to regulate homeostasis – it serves to counteract any threat so normal function can resume. The compounds produced and released all serve important roles in maintaining a healthy skin barrier. ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) is involved in melanin production which protects the skin from ultraviolet radiation. In dogs, it is melanin that contributes to skin and hair colour. In autoimmune conditions, melanocytes can be destroyed which results in depigmentation. This is also why if you have a dog who has repeated skin trauma (scratching etc) they develop visibly darker skin in those areas. Keratinocytes with more melanin display superior barrier function – which is why the body attempts to achieve it in repeated trauma. Endorphins are also released during skin stress. This enhances epidermal turnover rate, again to protect skin function. This could be why
